Health and Safety

Crane Operation Incident

2012-01-11T23:46:00.000-08:00

The example incident here is totally wrong calculation of mechanica technology. The total force of the totally thing should be safe and not direct to the river. We observe on the picture below, and should be noted that when the thing still on the water actually still push by the bouyant force of water, and after the thing totally out of the water, their weight become bigger, the effect the crane truck become tilt and fall to the water.

Poison Gas and The Winds Blow

2012-01-11T17:18:00.000-08:00

One of the environment monitoring control is emision gas. The emision gas is always difficult to control by Authority, because gasses difficult to trace, even to prove. Gases are always blows everyday, and when the autority come, the gas flow may be stopped to ensure that the gas emision is not over the limit. This very difficult to control, and our atmosphere always growing old and old because every company just care to their profit but don't care about the future.

One of my article about poison gas and the winds blow as follows:

People say I'm very free, free wherever I go, I could be anywhere, in all directions. I do not have the form, and easy to change the shape. I am a very light material, unappreciated and tend to be hated by others. I walk aimlessly, always follow wherever he goes, if he run then I will come running after him, if he walk slowly, I will with difficult walking slowly to follow the plot. I am not something that has no purpose, but I would strongly influenced by his existence. If he is silent then I will free fall down and can fell everyone underneath. The effect can be very fatal and can lead slander arise. Me and him am not a harmonious spouse and always hand in hand but his presence will make it easy to determine the direction and destination path. Faster he runs then I will be more eager to catch up and make me free from fatal catastrophe, then I will disappear without anyone knows.

Every People on the Road be Insurance

2012-01-10T17:30:00.000-08:00

Every people on the road or highway is insurance, but many people don’t understand this right, and many people also don’t care to this insurance even if they get an accident on the road. Actually there is a services that take care of this problem, you can ask the police for the maintenance of this if something happens to yourself or your family.

There are insurance that can give a compensation to the victim on the road, and to claim this is no need a driving license because this insurance is different with license insurance.

Just take our 30 second test - that's how long it takes to find out if you can make a claim - simple.

You could be entitled to a claim for:

Road Traffic Accidents
Accidents at Work
Trips & Falls
Accidents & Illness Abroad

100% no-win, no-fee
Maximum compensation
Free expert advice

Fire Truck Extinguished Fire

2011-12-31T19:11:00.000-08:00

A firefighter should not work with nervous or careless, but must be thorough and patient, not just shoot water into the fire, because it can be fatal. Fire-fighting task is to extinguish the fire and evacuate and help fire victims. If we want to help extinguish the fire, the first thing seen is to study the situation and environments around the fire.

The firemen have to pay attention to the surrounding environment before firing water into the source of fire, and fire fighting vehicles in a safe place because the fire truck was needed to assist victims and help evacuate casualties.

Especially for fire trucks must pay attention to supply water source if the truck is running out of water after being sprayed. Whether around the scene any lake and hydrant or other water sources that can be utilized as a source of water supply. Attention to the road and the fastest and safe vehicles can turn maneuver.

On real fire extinguisher acting, even in newer place that we don't familiar with that place, we don't know what is the source of fire and where the place is in fire because all the place is closed by fog. All place just look like fog like on the above picture. To overcoming this situation, actually we can use thermal camera in order we can shoot our hydrant to the right fire spot.

Green Building Concept

2011-12-25T15:13:00.000-08:00

Application of green-buildings have not been as big as expected. Because, there are still many do not know the economic value of green building like on green wall garden.

Naning Adiningsih Adiwoso, founder and Chairman of the Green Building Council of Indonesia (GBCI) said, the concept of green building provides energy savings up to 65%.

Green building concept is a building with the application of the rules of sustainable consumption. This supports the concept of energy saving and water, so essential to the comforts of life.

Unfortunately, this concept has not been well educated in the community. Last year, GBCI netted 86 members. With over 114 members this year, GBCI targets next year reached 125 members.

Naning sure, this will be the future trend, as long as developers, owners, contractors, and managers, seriously implement. Moreover, if the government provides incentives like in Singapore and Australia.

Thermal Camera

2011-12-07T17:35:00.000-08:00

Thermal camera is the camera that can detect heat or differ of picture view from the temperature. More heat the source of thing the picture will different with the surround that have different temperature. This camera just read of the heat of the source so their view will not be blocked by particles in the air like smoke and dust.

The sample of thermal and the picture resulted if we see by this camera as on the picture below:

Thermal camera is used in many purposes, but in safety interest thermal camera use to seek victim on the smoked area or to detect the source of fire. To choose thermal camera also should be suit with the purpose, like in safety it better if the camera is small and light in order easy to operate because usually fireman also bring other tools for working.

Many kind product available in the world, there are product that need by license and many other product no need license to own it. The price of this camera not like usual camera Nixon AW100, of course expensive, the cheap one about Rp. 50,0 million and the expensive about the same with the car price.

Safety Contractor

2011-11-20T15:22:00.000-08:00

Safety contractor in many company become company interest because most of the hard jobs are handle by contractors. Employee just handle a light routine job. This system is made because of the experience of HR on recruiting people always fail if the system on the company is applied of doing hard job. Employee normally just handle light routing job and job that need of thinking and administration job. If the job required to work hard normally the employee will not durable beside the employee need to change if have old, because hard work need young people.

Safety contractor need more high discipline, and the system sometime can't work and the violation happen repeatedly. The accident will happen if they don't follow the regulation, contractor just want pay high but don't care to their safety. In many company then implement of salary cut if deliberately violating. They bring body harness but don't use it, they bring hands glove but don't use it when work or they don't use hands glove because their contractor don't give them. Their contractor often too efficient so that their standard safety equipment don't fulfil.

The repeated to violate the procedure will trigger of accident, the accident also will happen repeatedly. Other safety equipment that routine to check like scafolding, hot job equipment, PPE and many others.

Waste Handling

2011-10-16T05:05:00.000-07:00

One of the safety job is waste and hazardous waste handling properly. Hazardous waste categorize by the characteristic of the waste like corrosive chemicals, reactive chemicals, irritate chemicals, expel dangerous gas from those waste or expel radiation effect. If one of the characteristic is own by those waste should be handling properly like should be store in hazardous storage, packed with safe packaging, and should be dispose to legal company that have certain waste treatment facility.

Legal company who have waste treatment facility should be check the credibility of that company such as the insurance, transporters permit, and certain waste treatment process in their plant directly. If all these requirement have been fulfilled, its mean the credibility of that company can be reliable, and we can disposed of certain waste to those legal waste treatment company.

The rule in development country have required to the company's waste producer to treat their waste in order they can apply 3 R principle; i.e Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. By applying this principle to every company's waste producer, so this planet will be able long life.

Safety is Everybody Responsibility

2011-09-23T09:49:00.000-07:00

Safety is everybody responsibility, how to control this statement that everybody will comply with the safety regulation. This statement can just be a slogan but no body want to responsible on consistency of compliance with safety regulation. Any excuse will use as a waiver of safety regulation. Everybody responsibility can become mean no body responsibility. This statement should be followed by commitment of management to stress the safety to their college in order everybody will obey to the safety regulation. The director should be a role model on consistent to follow of every rule on safety regulation. The director should be able become the first man who follow of safety regulation. If they go to the plant for example, he should use helmet and safety shoes, if they enter to dangerous area he should use gas masker. His behavior will be emulated by their staff when go to the plant.

The plant that have potential risk of some dangerous condition can't be tolerate of ignoring the rule, if some dangerous condition come, everybody should ready face those danger, so everybody on that location should have prepared by personal protection equipment (PPE). Minimum PPE on certain area can be varied, and this should be prepared by everybody on that location. Event like gas leakage is unpredictable by everybody so everyone should ready with gas masker on that area. If gas leakage happened, and if people don't use gas masker so the accident can't be avoided. Once people breath that gas immediately he was going to faint, and if no body care the obligation to use gas masker than no body can help the victim. The fatal condition will face by the victim, because too long exposed to the gas. So this why using PPE is mandatory on certain area if that location have risk of gas leakage.

Hazardous Waste Storage

2011-08-05T23:41:00.000-07:00

Hazadous waste storage should be design in properly in order could store of many hazardous waste that collecting in one storage. The need of this waste storage should be arrange in properly in order each kind of waste are not mixed up.

We should treat of hazardous waste as poisonous substance or certain chemical that can change to poisonous substance if they are mixed. The dangerous of this characteristic of hazardous waste usually they are can react each other and should be treated in properly, and among them keep so can't mix each other.

To build the storage like this, each area to store certain waste should be limited with a boundary fence. This fence can be made from concrete or from plastic box in order each harzadous waste can't mix each other. The example of hazardous waste storage can see on the picture below:

Smoking is Prohibited

2011-07-23T17:39:00.000-07:00

Smoking is prohibited in many area, smoking just allow in smoking area. This is usually available in Industry area. What different smoking area and other area, smoking area have available tool to lit off the cigarette ember and the place where should put the cigarette butt. In smoking area usually the place have conditioned to be saved if you discharge butt carelessly, while in many other area not in smoking area will not provided lit off place and the place will not saved if you through away butt carelessly.

Smoking in any place can danger because not when he smoke cause fire but usually smoker discharge butt carelessly. After he discharge, he don't watch what happen on his butt. Cigarette butt fire can burn anything on there area and longer time the fire more big. This butt can burn other waste like papers, cloth, or cotton waste on the bucket. Discharge cigarette butt on the street can cause burn waste and become big fire. So this all usually the danger of cigarette from smoker. In dangerous area they don't smoke because maybe the gas or fume can burn by ember but in the area near of this place they smoke and can danger to other place.

Government Rule For Food Industry

2011-06-01T17:46:00.000-07:00

In facing many problem that merge lately, especially in food matter such as using of rotten Tomato and other rotten fruit, Indonesian Government in this case the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) has published the rule about the limitations in making sauce itself and made several raids against the sauces that contain harmful substances, such as dyes, preservatives, and msg. BPOM also issued a rule in Article 26 of Regulation of the Minister of Health (Permenkes) No. 722/Menkes/PER/IX/88. Article that mentions the content of sodium benzoate is allowed in a product, is the maximum 600mg/kg every soy products, while for the various sauces maximum of 1,000 mg / kg.

Some Kind/Kind of Dangers Due to Most Eating Disorders Sauce/ Bad Sauce:

1. Cancer
In the sauce contained heavy metals on the benzoic acid that serves as a preservative to prevent easy stale / rotten sauce.

2. Allergy / Irritation Throat / Sore Throat
Someone could get teggorokan inflammation due to eating sauce ingredients benzoic acid and other content can be a trigger allergy or irritation of the throat, especially in children.

3. Severe Asthma Trigger
Small children who have asthma talent can easily short of breath because it was triggered by substances in the sauce. Adults may be able to be sensitive to the sauce.

4. Impaired Excretion System (Removal System)
Human organs can be damaged by substances in the sauce, such as kidneys and cause other digestive problems are quite disturbing.

Ecotourism Business No Need Amdal Permit

2011-05-14T01:09:00.000-07:00

Investor now can develop a conservation forest into an ecotourism destination without carrying out a study on its impact on the environment, as a part of the government's latest policy to relax bureaucracy. The decision was made when many conservation forests were converted into palm oil plantation or mining field, as had occurred in Kalimantan - Indonesia.

Forestry Ministry and State Environment Ministry agreed to revise the 1990 government regulation on tourism in an effort to lure investors to develop ecotourism across the country. The revised government regulation is due this month. There will be no asphalt roads and cement buildings in the ecotourism sites.

The permits to transform the conservation forest into ecotourist sites were issued by the Forestry Ministry. The authority to issue the Amdal document, which was aimed to assess whether activities could harm the environment, lies with the State Environment Ministry. The assessment from the Deputy for spatial planning at the State Environment Ministry state that ecotourism would not harm the environment and will no air pollution on site. There is no significant impact and that's why being agreed to drop Amdal requirement.

Almost all forested provinces in the country have suffered annual floods in the wet season and water crisis in the dry season. Experts blamed the problem on poor forest management. The 1990 regulation stipulates the ecotourist sites be developed by cooperatives, individuals, the private sector or the government with a total renting period of 30 years.

Air Polution Control

2011-05-01T23:36:00.000-07:00

Air Pollution Control
Air pollution control involves prevention and tackling of pollution, recovering of air quality by doing inventory on ambient air quality, prevention of pollutant source from non-stationary and stationary sources including disturbance source, as well as tackling of emergency situation.

The preparation and implementation of technical policy for national air pollution control shall be determined by the Head of responsible agency.
The technical policy and implementation of air pollution control as referred to subsection (1) shall be reviewed after 5 (five) years.
The operational implementation of air pollution control in region shall be done by the Regent/Mayor of 2nd level region.
The implementation of operational coordination for air pollution control in region shall be done by the Governor.
In the event preparation and operational implementation of air pollution control in region as referred to Section 18 subsection (1), region shall prepare and determine the regional work program for air pollution control.
The provision regarding guidelines for preparation and operational implementation of air pollution control in region as referred to subsection (1) shall be determined by the Head of responsible agency.

Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Structuring Requirements
Air pollution prevention involves the activities to prevent air pollution by:

Determination of ambient air quality standard, stationary source emission quality standard, disturbance level standard, vehicular exhaust gas emission and noise level standards as referred to Chapter II of this Government Regulation;
Determination of air pollution control policy as referred to sections 17, 18, and 19.

Every person doing business and/or activity producing emission and/or disturbance to the ambient air shall:

Follow ambient air quality standard, emission quality standard, and disturbance level standard determined for the business and/or activity done;
Prevent and/or tackle air pollution caused by the business and/or activity done;
Provide correct and accurate information to the public in the event of tackling of air pollution in the business and/or activity.
Every person doing business and/or activity producing emission and/or disturbance from stationary source shall follow emission quality and disturbance level requirements determined in the operation permit.
Operation permit as referred to subsection (1) shall be issued by the authorized official in accordance to the legal regulation.
Every business and/or activity that shall have environmental impact assessment shall not produce emission that exceeds the emission quality limit determined in its operation permit.
For every business and/or activity that shall has environmental impact assessment, the authorized official issuing operating permit shall require the body responsible for the business and/or activity to comply the provision of emission quality standard and/or disturbance level standard for preventing and managing air pollution caused by the implementation of the business and/or activity.
Further provisions regarding the requirements and obligations for emission quality standard and/or disturbance level standard as referred to subsection (1) shall be determined by the Head of responsible agency.
Obligation as referred to subsection (2) shall be attached as provision in the operating permit.

First Aid on Riot Situation

2011-03-11T05:32:00.000-08:00

First aider may have known about how to help victim from dangerous condition, but all the theory can be missed if the situation is not good. First aider may have know how to overcome the severe bleeding, on the accident, or how to help of people burned. Those all theory can be applied if the condition and environment is possible to help.

First aider on riot condition is very different, this situation can be uncontrolled and first aiders can be on unsafe condition. Rioters often act avoid the rule, they can make new trouble to the first aider. On this condition first aider can't just focus to the victim, they also should see the environment if possible or impossible to help people. This condition may similar to the war, where the first aider can be a fire victim. The shooter can deliberately shoot the first aider in order they can't help the victim.

First aider on the riot condition can't help victim on site, but their goal move the victim from the riot to the safe place. On the safe place they can do what first aider should do as the theory on helping people.

Regulation About Forestry

2011-02-22T07:54:00.000-08:00

Indonesian government release regulation about forestry no. 41 year of 1999. The consideration need to release this regulation about forestry are several factors, as follows:

Forest as the wealth of state controlled and used entirely for the prosperity of its people, whether for current or future generation.
Sustainable forest stewardship and vision of the world, must accommodate the dynamic of aspiration and participation of people, customs and national cultures.

The definition and limitation on this regulation such as follows:

Forestry is concerned with a forest management system, forest area and forest product that organize in integrated manner.
Forest is a unite ecosystem, the form of land containing natural resources.
Forest area is designated specific area or set by government to maintain its existence to a permanent forest.
State forest is a forest that locate on land with no encumbered land right.
Forest right is a forest that locate on land with encumbered land right.
Indigenous Forest is a forest in the area of customary law.
Production forest is a forest with a fundamental function to produce forest products.
Protected forests are forests that have a protective function as life support system to regulate water management system, prevent flooding, control erosion, prevent sea water intrusion, and maintain soil fertility.
Conservation Forest is a forest with specific characteristic, that function to preserve of biodiversity.
Asylum Natural Forest is a forest with specific characteristic, with serve as preservation of animals and plants species diversity and their ecosystem.
Conservation of natural forest is a forest with certain character that have function to support life systems, preservation of plants and animals diversity and sustainable use of biological resources and their ecosystem.
Hunting park is a place area defined as place for hunting.
Forest products are biological object, non-biological object and derivatives.

Gas Mask

2011-02-04T20:12:00.000-08:00

Gas mask invented during World War I to protest combatants eyes and lungs from poison gas, gas masks are used today to filter many airborne substances - dust, asbestos fiber, vaporized paint - as well as some gases used in chemical warfare. The protection gas mask cleans the breathed air by means of a filter of chemically impregnated fibers over a bed of adsorbent material - usually activated charcoal. Another type, the closed system rebreathing mask, uses a chemical dioxide and water from exhaled air, regenerating oxygen for breathing.

A modern military gas mask protects the wearer's face, eyes, and lungs from Air (blue arrows) is drawn in through a valve in the air purifying canister, which contain a filter for removing particles and an activated charcoal layer that absorbs and removes harmful gases. Exhaled air exits through a valve at the front of the mask.

Gas mask in industry include of mandatory safety equipment that use by employee that work in the plant. Gas mask in industrial uses is depend on the environment of the industry, the gas emit to the atmosphere come from the process and the rest of chemical reaction that emit gas. The filter on the gas mask is fitted to the kind of possible gases that available on the plant environment. Every filter just can absorb several type of gases but can't absorb all kind of gases. So to provide of gas mask should be conditioned with the plant environment.

Management of Hazardous and Poisonous Substances

2011-02-04T00:40:00.001-08:00

Management of Hazardous and Poisonous Substances

In this Government Regulation what we mean by:

Hazardous and poisonous substance here in after shortened to B3, shall be substance due to its nature and or concentration and or quantity, can directly and indirectly pollute and or harm living environment and or endanger living environment, health, human being’s survival and other living creatures;
B3 management shall be any activity that generates, transports, circulates, stores, uses and or disposes B3;
B3 registration shall be registration and numbering on B3 existing in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
B3 storage shall be B3 placing technique to maintain B3 quality and quantity and or prevent B3 negative impact to the living environment, human being’s health, and other living creatures;
B3 packaging shall be activity of packaging, filling or putting B3 into receptacle and or container, covering and or sealing it;
B3 symbol shall be a picture that indicates B3 classification;
Label shall be a short description that indicates among others B3 classification and type;
Be transportation shall be B3 moving activity form one place to another by using transporting facilities;
Limited use of B3 shall be B3 of which the use, import, and or production is limited;
Prohibited use of B3 shall be type of B3 of which the use, production, circulation and or import is prohibited;
B3 import shall be activity to bring B3 into customs areas of Indonesia;
B3 export shall be activity to discharge B3 from customs areas of Indonesia;
Notification for export shall be a prior notification from authority of exporter country to the authority of receiver country and transit country if a boundary crossing movement of limited use of B3 shall be performed;
Notification for import shall be a prior notification from authority of exporter country if there will be implemented boundary crossing movement of B3 of which the use is limited, and or that is imported for the first time;
Person shall be any individual, and or a group of people, and or a corporate body;
Responsible agency shall be the agency that is responsible in sector of environmental impact control;
Authorized agency shall be the agency that is authorized in giving permit, supervision, and other matter that is pertinent to their respective filed of task;
B3 Commission shall be an independent body that functions to give recommendations and or considerations to the Government in B3 management in Indonesia;
Governor shall be the Head of Provincial Region;
Regent/mayor shall be the Head of Regency/City;
Minister shall be the Minister that is assigned to manage living environment.

Regulation of B3 management shall have the objective to prevent and or minimize the risk of B3 impact to living environment, human being’s health, and other living creatures.

The B3 management not including in the scope of this Government Regulation shall be management of radioactive substance, detonative, mining and oil as well as natural gas production outcomes, and their processed outcomes, food and beverages and other addictive food stuff, provision of household hygiene and cosmetics, pharmaceutical prepared substances, narcotics, psychotropic, and its precursor and other addictive.

Any body who performs activity of B3 management shall be obliged to prevent any occurrence of pollution and or damage to living environment.

(1) B3 can be classified as follows:

a. explosive;
b. oxidizing;
c. extremely flammable;
d. highly flammable;
e. flammable;
f. extremely toxic;
g. highly toxic;
h. moderately toxic;
i. harmful;
j. corrosive;
k. irritant;
l. dangerous to the environment;
m. carcinogenic;
n. Teratogenic;
o. Mutagenic

(2) B3 classification as referred to in paragraph (1) shall consist of:

a. usable B3;
b. B3 prohibited for use;
c. B3 limited for use.

B3 as referred to in paragraph (2) are written in Attachment of this Government Regulation.

Fire Extinguisher Chemicals

2011-01-19T07:14:00.000-08:00

New found of Anti Fire Formula that friendly to environment, this founding is accidentally by RANDALL HARTOLAKSONO.

Who cares of cassava peel. Never mind the skin, the fruit itself did not get much attention of the scientist. But in the hands of Randall Hartolaksono, cassava peel could be anti-fire material world class.Findings of Suroboyo revolutionary people that born in March 16, 1956 it happened by accident.

It happened when he was studying Mechanical Engineering University of London (he signed in 1977, because the professor is difficult to spell Hartolaksono then later his often called by Hart). When cassava to examine the essence of leather hinge lubricant materials for robot, he accidentally spilled material over an open fire. Apparently the fire goes out. Randall amazed, under the guidance of Professor Evans, he examined the efficacy of cassava peel.

Quintessence cassava, he said, proved to break the chain of chemical reactions in the process of fire. "Active substances that can prevent the leap past the tipping point of electron energy in the outermost layer of atoms during combustion", he said. Randall called his theory "free radical" or free radicals. This theory was rejected British experts at the annual meeting at Edinburgh University, Scotland, 1982.

Only after laboratory testing for five years, the theory of Randall acknowledged. "They call the theory of chemical chain termination", he said. In further studies, the active substance from the skin of cassava, such as citric tri-potassium, it could be developed into various anti-fire products. Some are like paint, applied to the wood, making fire-resistant for 200 years! There also are included in the spray tube to extinguish the flames.

Now the three products have been certified findings Randall standard test of some countries, such as the United States, Britain and Australia. Its products can penetrate many places elite, such as Buckingham Palace England. Malaysia Companies such as Petronas, Proton and Telecom products to replace halon with Randall products environmentally friendly. Some hotels also began infiltrated to Randall products.

Holders of permanent residence status in the UK and Singapore is building his business empire called HARTINDO Chemicatama Industry. Besides in Jakarta and Surabaya, Randall also build an assembly plant in Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, England and Thailand.

But the success was not achieved easily Randall. Before you get a lot of license, he must be out of laboratories in foreign countries. He gave the example AF11E found in 1983 just got a test certificate from the American standard in 2000.Randall proved, so it's not enough creative innovator, but also be resilient and patient. (G.A Guritno, Hendri Firzani)

Source: Magazine Gatra Ed. Special, August 2004.

OSHA STANDARDS

2011-01-17T02:59:00.000-08:00

Source of Standards
The backbone of OSHA is its mandatory safety and health standards. Although safety and health standards have existed in various forms for many years, they were voluntary standards developed by associations such as the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). It was up to the management of various industries to follow those standards voluntarily.

OSHA made compliance with its standards mandatory. OSHA also made its standards applicable to all industries in all 50 states. The law backs up the standards with an inspection force which has the power to penalize violators.

Where to Get Standards
All OSHA standards are published in the Federal Register. Therefore, subscribing to the Federal Register is a sure way to obtain all the standards.

Another way is to obtain the source copies of the standards. The ANSI standards included in OSHA can be obtained from American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. The NFPA standards included in OSHA can be obtained from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, MA 02110.

Remember that these standards are not free for the asking. Since they cost anywhere from $1 to $5, buying all of them could be very expensive. The best thing to do is to obtain a complete listing of the standards and buy only those that apply to your particular industry.

Another possibility is to subscribe to the publication Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, A subscription gets you two binder of OSHA standards and other reference material which are kept up-to-date by replacement pages sent weekly. You will also get a weekly technical newsletter which will keep you informed on everything related to OSHA. The Occupational Safety and Health Reporter can be ordered from the Bureau of National Affair, Inc., Washington, DC 20037. The annual subscription rate is approximately $ 300.

Other Government Rule:
Chemical Hazardous Regulation

Safety Riding

2010-11-23T07:50:00.000-08:00

Safe and Safety are the important point when we are riding a vehicle either motorcycle or car or automobile. Safe is invaluable so better spend the money for safety vehicle for your safe. Safety riding is knowledge about how to ride safely, either safe for yourself also safe for other rider. There are several angle to make safety on the road: Your skill is the most important, behavior should be build in order can respect to other rider, safety cloths to ride include your health, and good vehicle performance, accomplished with all license and insurance.

The standard motor cycle equipment as Management System of Safety Riding (MSSR) as follows:

Rider should use full face helmet (recommend by MSSR – YVML), while for other passenger use minimum open face helmet.
Use hand glove (advise use of hard protector hand glove), either for rider or passenger
Using shoes that close to their heel like boot shoes.
Bring Rain Gear for shoes, or use rain coat that separate of upper and below. Rain coat like ponco is not recommended.
Use jacket that can pretend of winds blow (wind breaker), just for rider. Either for rider and passenger should use hard protector jacket.

Volcano Ash May Poison

2010-11-10T07:46:00.000-08:00

Volcanic ash can have dangerous properties if contaminated of well. This wells should be drained before consume, because volcanic ash will settled on the water and water look very clean but may contain of dangerous or poisonous substance.

The preventive action better do, to omit the heavy metal contain that may bring by volcano ash. Heavy metal that may contaminated well as follows; cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu). Even the concentration is very low but our body can’t exposed by this metal because can danger to our health.

Draining of wells just the only way for omitting this metal contamination because if use of coagulant will not omitting this metal contain.

Heavy metal is a substance that not easy to neutralize, whether coagulant just function to make the water clear looking. Either water that contaminated by volcano ash still look clear. Those draining method also should do in water dam, so water that use by civil will health.

Safety Full Masker

2010-10-05T00:52:00.000-07:00

Safety full masker use just for your safety.

Safety full masker divided into two main part, the masker body or half mask and respiratory filter. Respiratory Filter that installed on the masker usually have special use for certain gas or for several kind of gases. Before you use your full masker you must know the guide line of respiratory filter on the masker you use.

Intended use:

The half mask and the respiratory filter form a filter device that provides protection against harmful gases and vapors as well as against particles. The choice of respiratory filter depends on the conditions of the contaminant environment.

Condition for Use:

The ambient air must contain at least 17% by volume oxygen. Do not enter unventilated areas such as containers, shafts or ducts when wearing the mask.
The type and concentration of the contaminants must be known.
Ensure adequate eye and head protection.
Use a suitable respiratory filter. The weight of the respiratory filter must not exceed 300 g.
The filter device may only be used by duly instructed personnel.
If it is to be used in a potentially explosive atmosphere, threat the mask with an antistatic spray or use a water system.
Using the mask:
Screw the respiratory filter in
Hang the straps around your neck so that the half mask rests on your chest.
Hold the mask in front of your face and draw the head straps over your head.
Position the head straps above your ears.
Tighten the straps so that the mask is comfortable and fits tightly over your face.
The head straps can also be worn over a hard hat. The half mask is put on as described above.

Testing before use:
Does the mask fit?

Hold your hand over the filter and inhale until a vacuum is created. Hold your breath for a moment. The vacuum must be maintained. If it is not:
Retighten the step or use a different size of mask.
The half mask may not fit correctly over a bread or dropping cheeks.

The tight fit of the mask must have been successfully tested before you enter hazardous locations-danger of poisoning! The half mask must fit tightly and the respiratory filter must be installed before entering the contaminated area!.

The Step Before Help People

2010-09-30T06:33:00.000-07:00

Become a first aider, you should have first aider certificate, without certificate that make sure of your skill to help people on critical condition can make the victim get more serious condition or even caused die. First aider usually include on the fire brigade team, when the danger alarm come from certain place this team should be available on the team. So first aider is became the longer help from fire brigade, to handle the first time of people on critical condition.

Not every unconscious victim need of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when he or she on the critical condition, this handling just only apply to people on unconscious condition and she or he not breath. If the victim still breath even on unconscious condition she or he don't need of CPR, if this cpr do in the wrong condition can make the victim die. So if you are to be a first aider you should make sure if the victim is not breath anymore. This mean that she or he on critical condition, not breath mean that there are no supply oxygen to their body system. If the first aider can make the victim breathing work again before 4 minutes, victim will be normal again, but if more than 4 minutes victim not breath its mean his or her brain don't supply with oxygen more than 6 minutes, this condition can make he or she will abnormal after breath again. If victim can't supply oxygen by 10 minutes this can victim die.So CPR is very critical but also danger if wrong applied.

Protection From Radioactivity

2010-09-07T01:08:00.001-07:00

Radiation hazard is a subject often approached from a highly emotional point of view, probably because radiation cannot be detected by the ordinary human sense. Protection against radiation is possible with insulation (dense concrete, etc), just as is presently done for hot stream pipes or dangerous electrical conductors.

Radiation is always present (background) and is released in substantial quantity by such processes as coal burning and ordinary mining. The international atomic energy agency (IAEA) notes that no serous radiation induced injury or radiation induced death has taken place at any nuclear power plant since the first nuclear power reactor went critical in 1956. this is a remarkable record considering that 274 nuclear reactors, representing 25000 reactor-years of operating experience, were in operation in 1982. coal mining, or even riding in an automobile, is far more hazardous than working in an nuclear establishment. More than 800 nuclear installations around the world have safeguard agreements with the IAEA. This is 98 percent of the nuclear installation outside the nuclear weapon states.

The contamination of gases, liquids and solid by substances emitting, alpha, beta and gamma radiation are all possible and must be guarded against. Shielding of only a fraction of an inch of ordinary material stops alpha and beta particles, but shielding against gamma radiation and neutrons requires massive quantities of dense materials such as heavy concrete, lead, steel, borosilicate glass, or around 7 m of ordinary water. Of course, shielding is not the only problem, containment must also be considered. Gases must not be allowed to escape, and active materials must remain isolated behind the shield in order for them to be effective.

⁹⁶Sr and ¹³⁷Cs (fission fragments) are troublesome because of their moderate these isotopes; biological concentration of mercury was the cause of Minamata disease, which led to the outlawing of mercury cell caustic-chlorine manufacture in Japan.

Safety Procedure of Install AC

2010-08-10T03:10:00.001-07:00

This safety procedure is important because if installation done by user is defective, it will cause water leakage, electrical shock or fire. Air Condition Installation should follow the instruction strictly, installation should use accessories part and specified part for installation.

Install AC at a strong and firm location which is able to withstand the sets weight, if not strong enough can drop and causing injury.
Do not install outdoor unit near handrail of veranda. When installing AC unit at veranda of high rise building, child may climb up to outdoor unit.
For electrical work, follow the local national standard, regulation and this installation instruction. An independent circuit and single outlet must be used.
This equipment is strongly recommended to be installed with Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker or residual Current Device.
Do not use joint cable for indoor/outdoor connection cable. Use the specified indoor/outdoor connection cable, refer to instruction. Connect the cable to the indoor unit and connect tightly for indoor/outdoor connection. Cramp the cable so that no external force will be acted on the terminal. If connection or fixing is not perfect, it will cause heat up or fire at the connection.
Wire routing must be properly arranged so that control board cover is fixed properly.
When install or relocate air conditioner, do not let any substance other than the specified refrigerant, eg. Air etc mix into refrigeration cycle (piping). Mixing of air etc will cause abnormal high pressure in refrigeration cycle and result in explosion, injury etc.

Decree of Ministry of Environment

2010-07-08T02:04:00.001-07:00

GUIDANCE FOR MANAGEMENT OF COMPLAINT CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND OR DAMAGE

Consider:

a. that at the height of awareness community to healthy and good environment, claiming Government responsibility, Government Province and Government Sub-Province/City to handle various complaint of pollution case and or damage of environment.

b. that referring to mentioned above considered necessary to specify Decree Of The Minister of Environment about Management of Complaint Case Pollution and or Damage of Environment

Considering :

Law of Number 123 Year 1997 about Management of Environment (Statute Book Year 1997 Number 68, Addition State Number 3699)
Law of Number 22 Year 1999 about Governance of Area (Statute Book Year 1999 Number 60, Addition Statute Book Number 3699)
Government Regulation of Number 25 Year 2000 about Government of Authority and Authority Province As Autonomous Area (Statute Book Year 2000 Number 54, Addition Statute Book Number 3952)
Government Regulation of Number 54 year 2000 about Institute Ready Service of Solving of extra-judicial Dispute Environment (Institute State Year 2000 Number 113, Addition Statute Book Number 3982)
Decree of President Number 2 Year 2002 about Change To The Decree of President Number 101 Year 2001 about Position, Duty, Function, Authority, Organizational Formation, and Administration State's Minister

DECIDING:

Specifying : MINISTRIAL DECREE REGARDING GUIDANCE FOR MANAGEMENT OF COMPLAINT CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND OR DAMAGE

Article 1

In this decree the meaning of:

3. management of Complaint case of environmental pollution and or damage is integrated Industry in receiving, analyzing, clarifying, verifying and following up the result of verification

4. complaint of pollution and or damage of environment is complaint of related to assumption the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment

5. Verification is series of activities covering the checking of truth of complaint, research of source of pollution and or damage of environment, estimate of type and level of loss, location of the occurrence of pollution and or damage, wide of area affected by the impact, and also party responsible of to the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment

6. Working Unit of complaint management is Working Unit which receive complaint case of pollution case and or damage of environment

7. Responsible Institution of environment management is the Ministry of Environment, Provincial environmental institution, and Regional /City environmental institution.

8. Institution in charge is the institution in charge that issued permit for conducting Industry and or activities

9. person is individual, and or group of people, and or legal body

Article 2

1. Each and everyone who identify, suspect and or suffering from due to the effect of the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment can submit its complaint in writing or verbally

2. Complaint as referred to in Paragraph (1) can be submitted to

a. Head of Countryside, Chief of village or local chief of district

b. Regent/Mayor or Head of Government Institution responsible for environmental management of Region / City , for the complaint of pollution case and or damage of environment which located and or its impact reside in Sub-Province/City

c. Governor or Head of Government Institution responsible for Provincial environmental management, for the complaint of pollution case and or damage of environment which located and or its impact across Region/City; and or

d. Minister of Environment, for the complaint of pollution case and or damage of Environment which located and or its impact across the provincial border and or State border

3. Head Countryside, Chief of village or Chief of Sub-Regency as referred to in Paragraph (2) a letter, after receiving the complaint for the latest 7 (seven) day immediately deliver it to Regent or Head of Institution responsible for environmental management in Region/City

Article 3

1. In the case of complaint submitted in writing, hence Reporter is obliged to give information for at least regarding

a. Squealer identity

b. estimation of source pollution and or damage of environment

c. submitted evidence

d. location the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment

e. time known for the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment

f. environmental media which affected by the impact

2. In the case of complaint submitted verbally hence party receiving complaint as referred to in Article 2 Paragraph (2) b letter, c, and d, is obliged to record by filling up form of complaint of pollution case and or damage of environment as attached in the Appendix of this Decree

3. Official as referred in Article 2 Paragraph (2) b letter, d and c at the latest within 7 (seven) days after receiving of complaint, is obliged to assign Working Unit management of complaint to

a. Record the complaint in complaint book

b. analyze and clarify the complaint at the latest 7 (seven) days after receiving of assignment

Article 4

immediately refer to technical institution which area is related Industry and or pertinent activity If in pursuant to complaint clarification and study as referred to in Article 3 Paragraph (3) b letter non including complaint of pollution case and or damage [of] environment, hence [is] obliged to

Article 5

In the case of complaint included in pollution case and or damage of environment, hence is obliged to conduct verification at the latest within 14 (fourteen) days since after the clarification and study
Verification as referred to in Paragraph (1), obliged to finish during at latest 30 (thirty) days.
If within as referred to in Paragraph (2), verification is not finished hence can be lengthened for the time of at latest 30 (thirty) days
Verification conducted by Team which determined by Official from institution as referred to in Article 2 Paragraph (2) b letter, c, and d which its membership come from technical staff xist in from Working Unit management of complaint, Environmental Official Supervisor, related/relevant Expert or assumed to other party if necessary.

Article 6

In conducting verification, Verification Team can request information and involvement in the field

from Reporter and party that being reported for pollution and or damage of environment

Article 7

1. Pursuant to result of verification can be concluded that submitted complaint is :

Not a pollution and or damage of environment case
have happened administrative violation, but not result in pollution and or damage of environment
Have happened administrative violation, and result in occurence of pollution and or damage of environment
Have happened pollution and or environmental damage

2. Pursuant to result of verification as referred to Paragraph (1), Verification Team propose handling recommendation for:

not pollution case and or damage of environment, hence immediately refer to technical institution which area is Industry and or pertinent activity
have resulted the occurrence of administrative violation, but not result the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment, hence require to be conducted technical guidance to control environmental pollution and or damage by technical Unit in charge for technical guidance for control of environmental pollution and or damage
have happened administrative violation, and result the occurrence of pollution and or damage of environment, hence require to charge an administrative action and conducted technical guidance for control of pollution and or damage of environment by Head of Institution in charge of area management of environment or institution in charge
have happened pollution and or environmental damage which result loss, hence require to conduct action to facilitate and coordinate solving of environmental dispute either through court or is extra-judicial
have happened pollution and or damage of environment and found immediate evidence of occurrence of legal violation, hence require to do law enforcement by Investigator Official of the State Police Republic Of Indonesia or Civil Investigator Official of Environment in charge.

3. Recommendation for handling as referred to in Paragraph (2) submitted to Official who gave the verification duty for the latest 7 (seven) days after finishing implementation of verification

Article 8

1. Official who gave the verification at the latest 7 (seven) days after receiving of recommendation as referred to in Paragraph (2), obliged to immediately take decision to receive or refuse the recommendation proposal.

2. If Official who gave the verification duty receive proposal recommendation from Verification Team, hence pertinent Official during at the latest 14 (fourteen) days obliged to immediately following up according to result of verification

Article 9

In the case of Official as referred to in Article 8 refuse recommendation proposal submitted by Verification Team, hence pertinent Official immediately give direction for handling of the case to Verification Team

Article 10

Result of verification of the complaint of pollution case and or damage of environment can have the character of open as long as according to nature and properties is open to be known by community

Article 11

1. Each Reporter can raise complaint of objection if the pertinent parties is not satisfy to the handling of the case conducted by Official as referred to in Article 2 Paragraph (2) b letter and

2. Proffering of objection as referred to in Paragraph (1) raised to

a) Government or Head of Government Institution responsible in provincial environmental management, if the case is authority of Regent /Mayor or Head of Government institution responsible in environmental management for regency / city area.

b) Minister of Environment, if the case is authority of Regent / Mayor or Head of Government Institution responsible in environmental management for regency / city, Governor or Head of Government Institution responsible in Provincial environmental management.

Article 12

Expense to conduct activity of management of complaint pollution case and or damage of environment in this Decree is conducted by:

a. Regent/Governor or governor charged against by pertinent Aerial Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) and or other independent source as according to applied law and regulation

b. Minister of Environment charged against by National Revenues And Expenditure Budget (APBN) and or other free independent source as according to applied law and regulation

Article 13

By going into effect this Decree it, hence Handbill State's Minister Resident and Environment Republic of Indonesia Number: 03/SE/MENKLH/6/1987 about Procedure for Mitigating Environmental Pollution and Environmental Damage is expressed not applicable

Article 14

This Decree will be enforce on the date of stipulated

WARE HOUSE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

2010-06-30T23:12:00.000-07:00

Warehouse with its logistic activities is an important support for every industries. Various materials to support operations are stored in the warehouse which requires specific storage methods as well as a suitable building for it. A safe and smooth operations can be achieved only when a good and proper Safety Management was implemented in this activities in a day to day basis. Every personnel who are involved, therefore, should understand how to perform their jobs in a safe way.

Major topic should be understand are about Safety Philosophy, Safe Storage Building, Stored Materials and its Safety Properties, Safe Warehouse Operations. After completion of the course, participants are expected to have a better knowledge on how to handle the operations safely.

Good Housekeeping, Spacing, Lighting, Drainage System, Warning Signs should be provided on the ware house in order can fulfil the safe condition, such as:

Smoke Detector
Sprinkler
UV Detector
Building Electrical Equipment
Stepper/Ladder
Types of Fire Extinguisher
Emergency Exit
Safety Showed
Eye Wash

Safety elements on warehouse such as below:
- Safe Storage Method:

Piled/Stacked Safely
Safe handling of Gas Cylinder
Drum Storage and Handling
Pipe Storage Handling
Chemicals Storage Handling
Gas Compressor Cylinder Storage Handling
Explosive Materials Storage Handling
Fuel and Other Flammable Materials Storage Handling
General Materials Storage Handling, etc.

- Safe Packaging:

Safe Packaging Method of each materials as mentioned above.

- Safe Delivery:

Delivery Method using Truck/Trailer, Sea Freight, Air Freight, etc.

- Storage Equipment:

Forklift Safe Handling
Crane (fixed and mobile) Safe Handling
Scaffolding Safe Handling
Other Vehicles Safe Handling
PPE (inc. Marine Safety Appliances

Regulation of Hazardous Chemical

2010-06-14T01:56:00.001-07:00

General Requirements:

Hazardous Chemicals is chemicals in the form of single or mixture which pursuant to nature of physics or chemistry and or hazardous, toxic to worker, environment and installation
Quantity Limit Value of hereinafter referred to as NAK (Nilai Ambang Kuantitas) is amount of hazardous chemicals standard to specified chemicals potential hazards at work
Hazardous Chemical Material Control is effort conducted to prevent and or reduce risk effect of usage of Hazardous chemicals at work to labor, working equipment and environment
Lethal Dose 50 (LD 50) is dose causing death at 50% attempt animal
Lethal Concentration 50 (LC 50) is concentration causing death at 50% attempt animal.
Employer is Person, civil, legal body or group running a company property of by self
Person, civil, legal body or group which is by self-supporting run a business non its property
Person, civil, group of legal body or residence in Indonesia representing company as referred to in number 1 and number 2 which domiciling outside Indonesia region
Official Member one who is appointed to lead direct a working activity or self-supporting shares h. Worker is each and everyone capable to conduct work either in and also outside labor relation, utilize to produces goods or service to fulfill requirement of society
Workplace is every field or room, closed or is open, moving or remain to, where labor, doing work or which is often entered by labor for an effort, and where there are danger sources or source
Occupational Safety and Health expert is expert who has specialty from outside Ministry of Manpower appointed by Minister Of Manpower
Worker Supervisor is expert officer who have specialty from Ministry of Manpower appointed by Minister of Manpower
Director is functionary appointed by Minister of Manpower as referred to in section 1 article 4 UU NO. 1 year 1970
Minister is Minister which is of labor area

Hazardous Chemical are consists of:
a. Poisonous materials
b. Highly poisonous materials
c. Flammable liquid
d. Highly flammable liquid
e. Flammable gas
f. Combustible
g. Reactive materials
h. Oxidator materials

The Description of each elements will describe next.

Safety Regulation for Paramedical

2010-06-14T01:46:00.001-07:00

Paramedic should be certified:

To every paramedical official having joined such training will be given a certificate.
By obtaining such certificate the paramedical official concerned has fulfilled the conditions to make services in industrial hygiene and occupational health according to his function.

Training Implementation:
Anything in relation with the implementation of the training in Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Safety and Health as in above mentioned will be decided by the Head of the Center of Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Safety and Health.

Penalties:
Undertakings which fail to observe the provisions prescribed in section 1 above shall be liable to penalties as meant in subsection 15 (2) of Act No. 1 of 1970 on Occupational Safety Law.

Industrial Hygiene Inspetor:
The industrial hygiene inspector shall conduct inspection on the obeyance to the provision as mentioned in section 1.
Regulation No. PER-02/MEN/1980, Medical Examination of Workers in Providing Safety

Definitions:
Pre-medical Examination prior to employment is medical examination performed by a doctor before a worker is engaged to perform work.

Periodical Medical Examination is medical examination of workers performed by a physician at specific periods.
Special Medical Examination is medical examination performed by a doctor specifically on particular workers.

Doctor is a physician appointed by an employer who has fulfilled the conditions in accordance with Regulation of the Minister of Manpower, Transmigration and Co-operatives No. PER-01/MEN/1976 and other conditions approved by the Director General for the Development of Labour Relations and the Protection of Manpower.

Director is official as referred to in Decision of the Minister of Manpower, Transmigration and Cooperatives No. KEPTS-79/MEN/1977.

Premedical examination for worker:

Pre-medical examination is meant in order that a worker who is engaged shall be in the best possible condition, is not suffering from a contagious disease which may affect another worker, and is suitable for the work he should perform so that the safety and health of the worker concerned and other workers may also be ensured.
Any undertaking as referred to in subsection 2 (2) of Act No. 1 of 1970 shall provide pre-medical examination to workers. © Regional Institute of Environmental Technology Occupational Health / 7 - 39
Pre-medical examination covers complete physical examination, physical fitness, X-rays of the lungs (if possible), laboratory routine and other examinations considered necessary.
For specific works it is considered necessary to perform examination in accordance with the need in order to prevent the hazards which may arise.
Any employer, manager or doctor shall be obliged to make a manual on medical examination prior to employment which secures the placement of workers in accordance with their health and the work which shall be performed and such must first have the approval of the Director.
The manual on pre-medical examination shall be developed and improved in accordance with the capability of the undertaking and development of medical science in safety.
If 3 (three) months previously medical examination has been performed by a doctor as referred to in subsection 1 (d) no doubt has arisen concerning the health of a worker, pre-medical examination is not necessary.

Periodical Medical Examination:

Any undertaking as meant in subsection 2 (2) above shall provide periodical medical examination to workers at least once a year except otherwise determined by the Director General for the Development of Labour Relations and Protection of Manpower.
Periodical medical examination is meant to maintain the health condition of the worker after having performed work and to make evaluation on the possible influences of work as early as possible which are necessary to be controlled by taking preventive measures.
Periodical medical examination covers complete physical examination, physical fitness, x-rays of the lungs (if possible,) laboratory routine and other examinations considered necessary.
Any employer, manager or doctor shall be obliged to make a manual on periodical medical examination conform with the needs in accordance with the existing kinds of work.
The manual on periodical medical examination shall be developed in accordance with the capability of the undertaking and development of medical science in safety.
In case of disorders or indispositions found on workers during the periodical examinations the manager shall be obliged to take further measures to eliminate such disorders and its cause in order to secure safety and health.
In order that the periodical medical examination shall cover a wide range health services in addition to that of the undertaking may be provided by the manager according to the needs.
In enforcing the obligation of periodical medical examination, the Director General for the Development of Labour Relations and Protection of Manpower may appoint one or several Boards as organisers who shall give.

Reporting Diseases:
If a Board as referred to in subsection 3 (8) in carrying out the periodical medical examinations has discovered occupational diseases such Board shall report this to the Director General for the Development of Labour Relations and Protection of Manpower through the Regional Office of the Directorate General as meant above.

Occupational Disease means any disease caused by occupation or work environment. Manager means any person charged with the direct management of a workplace or independent part thereof.

Safety and Health Inspector means a doctor or an official with special qualifications appointed by the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration.

Doctor means a physician as meant in Regulation of the Manpower and Transmigration No. PER- 02/MEN/1980.

If during the periodical and special medical examination as stipulated in the regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No. PER-02/MEN/1980 occupational diseases are found on workers, the manager or Board appointed is obliged to report in writing to the Local Office of the Directorate General for the Development of Labour Relations and Protection of Manpower.

Occupational Health and Safety (OSHAS)

2010-06-06T20:20:00.001-07:00

Occupational Health and Safety is developed to be waste treatment standard that will full to the international regulation about waste disposal.

This Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard and the accompanying OHSAS 18002, Guidelines for the implementation of OHSAS 18001, have been developed in response to customer demand for a recognizable occupational health and safety management system standard against which their management systems can be assessed and certified.

OHSAS 18001 has been developed to be compatible with the ISO 9001:2000 (Quality) and ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental) management systems standards, in order to facilitate the integration of quality, environmental and occupational health and safety management systems by organizations, should they wish to do so.

This OHSAS Standard will be reviewed or amended when considered appropriate. Reviews will be conducted when new editions of either ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 are published, to ensure continuing compatibility.

This OHSAS Standard will be withdrawn on publication of its contents in, or as, an International Standard. This OHSAS Standard has been drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (OHSAS 18001:1999), which has been technically revised. The principal changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows.

The importance of “health” has now been given greater emphasis.
OHSAS 18001 now refers to itself as a standard, not a specification, or document, as in the earlier edition. This reflects the increasing adoption of OHSAS 18001 as the basis for national standards on occupational health and safety management systems.
The “Plan-Do-Check-Act” model diagram is only given in the Introduction, in its entirety, and not also as sectional diagrams at the start of each major clause.
Reference publications in Clause 2 have been limited to purely international documents.
New definitions have been added, and existing definitions revised.
Significant improvement in alignment with ISO 14001:2004 throughout the standard, and improved compatibility with ISO 9001:2000.
The term “tolerable risk” has been replaced by the term “acceptable risk”.
The term “accident” is now included in the term “incident”.
The definition of the term “hazard” no longer refers to “damage to property or damage to the workplace environment”

It is now considered that such “damage” is not directly related to occupational health and safety management, which is the purpose of this OHSAS Standard, and that it is included in the field of asset management. Instead, the risk of such “damage” having an effect on occupational health and safety should be identified through the organization’s risk assessment process, and be controlled through the application of appropriate risk controls.

Sub-clauses 4.3.3 and 4.3.4 have been merged, in line with ISO 14001:2004.
A new requirement has been introduced for the consideration of the hierarchy of controls as part of OH&S planning.
Management of change is now more explicitly addressed.
A new clause on the “Evaluation of compliance” has been introduced.
New requirements have been introduced for participation and consultation.
New requirements have been introduced for the investigation of incidents.

This publication does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

Compliance with this Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

Determination of Significant Impact

2010-06-01T23:55:00.001-07:00

Significant impact means any fundamental charge in the environment caused by a business or activity; section 16 of Law Number 4 of 1982 states that any proposed activity which is predicted to have a significant impact on the environment is required to be subjected to the environmental impact assessment process.
Impact significance for a business or activity pursuant to the Clarification of section 16 of Law Number 4 of 1982 and Chapters 2 and 3 of Government.

Regulation Number 51 of 1993 is determined by:
number of people affected by the impact;
area extent of the impact;
duration of the impact;
intensity of the impact;
number of other environmental components affected by the impact;
cumulative nature of the impact;
reversibility or irreversibility of the impact.

3).Each of the factors as referred to in subsection 2 above consists of a set of impact significance criteria, i.e., specific measurements, standards or principles. The determination of impact significance shall be the basis for the evaluation of whether or not a business or activity may produce significant impacts on the environment.

4) The Guidelines for the Determination of Significant Impacts as defined herein shall constitute the basic guide providing direction for the determination of whether a proposed business or activity will have significant impacts on the environment.

5) The Guidelines for the Determination of Significant Impacts shall be used for screening a proposed business or activity and for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (ANDAL) along with other requirements of the EIA process for integrated/multi-sectoral projects, estates (AMDAL Kawasan) and regional development areas (AMDAL Regional).

6) To determine whether or not an environmental impact caused by the implementation of a proposed business or activity is significant, it is also necessary to pay due attention to applicable laws and regulations, both within and outside Indonesia.

7) A proposed business or activity which will be developed either in a protected area which has had its designation changed or which borders on a protected area, is categorized as producing significant impacts. The meaning of protected areas accordingly the Clarification of Chapter 7 of Law Number 24 of 1992

Concerning Spatial Use Management shall include the following:

forest protection areas; peat areas; water catchments area; coastal edges; river edges; areas surrounding lakes and reservoirs; areas surrounding springs; nature conservation areas (including nature reserves, wildlife reserves, tourism forests, biodiversity protection areas, and wildlife refuges); marine and freshwater conservation areas (including marine waters, fresh water bodies, coastal areas, estuaries, coral reefs and atolls which have a high diversity or unique ecosystem); coastal mangrove areas; national parks; recreation parks; nature parks; cultural reserve and scientific research areas (including karst areas, with special cultural features, archaeological sites or sites with high historical valued; areas of natural hazards.

Determination of significant impacts on the environment

1) The determination of the significance of impacts shall include the following basic considerations:

a. That the evaluation of the significance of an impact on the environment is related to the scale of the proposed business or activity, along with the effectiveness and efficiency of implementation of the business or activity.

b. That the evaluation of the significance of an impact on the environment may also be based on the impact of the business or activity on only one aspect of the environment or on its overall impacts, and on its inter-relationship with other environmental features within the given study area.

c. That the evaluation of the significance, positive or negative impacts cannot be considered as independent factors, but their respect weights and interrelationships should be considered in coming to a decision.

2) Guidelines Concerning the Determination of Significant Impacts

a) Number of People Affected by the Impact Each proposed business or activity has an objective related to the number of people expected to benefit once it is implemented. However, both positive and negative impacts which may be produced by a proposed business or activity may be borne by a number of people who may or may not have been included in the objectives of that business or activity. In view of the fact that the definition of people affected by the impact may cover a very broad range, the criteria for the determination of significant impacts should therefore be related to the basic principles or norms of life which have value in the society at large. Therefore, the environmental impacts of a proposed business or activity, as based on the social norms of the community and the number of people affected, are determined to be significant if:

- the people in the study area who are affected by the environmental impacts but do not benefit from the business or activity are of equal or greater number than those enjoying the benefits.

- The beneficiaries of the business or activity refer to those persons who directly benefit from the proposed business or activity or are directly involved as workers in the business or activity.

b) Area Extent of the Impact

The extent of the area experiencing an impact is one of the factors in determining the significance of an impact on the environment. In this regard, the environmental impact of a proposed business or activity shall be significant if:

- the proposed business or activity produces an area undergoing fundamental changes, in view of the aspects of impact intensity, irreversibility of the impact or the cumulative nature of the impact.

c) Duration of the Impact

Impacts of a proposed business or activity can arise from one or more of the various phases of the business or activity. In other words, the impact may be relatively brief, i.e., occurring only in a specific phase of the project cycle (planning) construction, operation, post-operation), while other impacts could take place over a longer period such as from the construction phase to the post-operation phase. Based on these considerations, the environmental impact will be con-sidered significant if:

- the proposed business or activity produces fundamental changes, in view of the aspects of impact intensity, irreversibility of the impact or the cumulative nature of the impact, lasting through one or more phases of the activity.

d) Intensity of the Impact

Impact intensity refers to major or drastic environmental changes which occur over a relatively wide area and over a short period of time. Hence, environmental impacts shall be deemed to be significant if:

I. the proposed business or activity will cause changes in the physical and/or biological characteristics of the environment which exceed them environmental quality standards as prescribed in applicable legislation;

II. the proposed business or activity will produce fundamental changes in environmental components which exceed recognized criteria based on scientific considerations;

III. the proposed business or activity will cause endemic and/or rare and/or protected species, and the prevailing laws, to become threatened with extinction or damage to their habitat;

IV. the proposed business or activity causes damage or disturbance to protected areas (conservation areas, nature reserves, national parks, wildlife reserves, etc.) as designated under applicable legislation;

V. the proposed business or activity damages or destroys valuable historical artifacts and structures;

VI. the proposed business or activity will cause conflict or controversy with or within the community and local administration or the central government,

VII. the proposed business or activity alters or modifies an area of great scenic beauty.

e) Number of Other Environmental Components Affected by the Impact

In view of the fact that in principle no environmental component is independent, or, in other words, that all environmental components are inter-related and influence each other, an impact on one environmental component will generally

lead to further impacts on other environmental components. In this regard, an impact shall be designated as significant if:

· the proposed business or activity produces secondary and other impacts for which the number of environmental components affected is greater than or equal to the number of components experiencing the primary impacts.

f) Cumulative Nature of the Impact

Cumulative means the attribute of increasing, adding to or accumulating. The impacts of a business or activity are said to be cumulative if, in the beginning, the impacts are not visible nor considered important, but as the activity is repeated or carried out continuously the impacts will, over time, become additive. Therefore, an impact of a business or activity is considered to be significant if:

i. the environmental impact occurs repeatedly and continually, so that eventually it can no longer be assimilated by the natural or social environment;

ii. ii) a variety of environmental impacts are concentrated in a given area, with the result that they cannot by assimilated by the natural or social environment;

iii. iii) the environmental impacts of various activities produce mutually strengthening (synergetic) effects.

g) Reversibility or Irreversibility of the Impact

Some impacts of activities on the environment are reversible, while others are irreversible, even with human intervention. In this regard, an impact will be considered to be significant if: environmental component will be irreversible, even with human intervention.

Safety and Accident Definition

2010-05-25T22:34:00.001-07:00

Safety and Accident Definition

First Aid - When an employee, as a result of an accident in the workplace receives on-site first aid assistance. Includes cleaning minor cuts, scrapes or scratches; treating a minor burn, applying bandages and/or dressings, cold compress, cold pack, ice bag, and splints.
Health Care – An injury that results in attention received from a recognized health care provider but that does not result in time away from scheduled work or a wage loss
Incident – work related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (regardless of severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred
Accident – is an incident which has given rise to injury, ill health or fatality
Near Miss – an incident where no injury, ill health, or fatality involve
Emergency situation – is a particular type of incident
Management – Company’s head or in charge in each department
Workplace Health Services - Health Care Center
Reporting person – Nominated person from workplace to raise the incident / accident report
Internal investigation – investigation is to be conducted by team stipulated in this procedure

* External investigation – Investigation by the ministries, police or other interested parties.

Category Accident/ Incident.
The following categories of accident/incidents require an immediate investigation as they may produce a loss to people, equipment, material and environment:

Fatality – An injury that results in loss of life
Critical Injury – it is a critical injury if the injury places life in jeopardy; produces unconsciousness; results in substantial loss of blood; involves the fracture of a leg, or arm but not a finger or toe; involves the amputation of a leg, arm, hand, or foot but not a finger or toe; consists of burns to a major portion of the body; or causes the loss of sight in an eye.
Lost Time – A work related injury that results in the injured employee missing scheduled time from work resulting in a wage loss
Property Damage - When there is significant property damage, a value of $250 is suggested as a general guideline to be used by a supervisor, although other factors could impact on the need and level of investigation and reporting
Occupational Illness – A condition that results from exposure in a workplace to a physical, chemical or biological agent that normal physiological mechanisms are affected and the health of the worker is impaired
Environmental Release – An accidental discharge of a physical, biological or chemical substance into the workplace and/or community
Fire/Explosion – An event where undesired combustion occurs

RESPONSIBILITIES
Supervisor or department authorized person (Investigator) Responsibilities

The supervisor in the area where it happened investigates the accident/incident and completes the preliminary Investigation Report within 24 hours of the accident/incident or hazardous situation.
In the case of personal injury the supervisor calls to safety department and ensures that the injured employee(s) receive an immediate and appropriate first aid and/or health care.
Reports those injuries that result in critical injury to Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
In conducting the accident/incident investigation and completing the Investigation Report,

the supervisor must ensure the following has been completed :

Assessment of the Scene
Inspection of the site, equipment, material that were involved in the accident/incident
Site must be secured especially in the case of a critical injury
Use of photographs, sketches, drawings of the accident/incident scene indicating sizes, distances, and weights of objects as appropriate

Falling Down From the Roof

2010-05-13T20:18:00.000-07:00

Repairing roof and ceiling, often dangerous because often the roof supporting is not in a good condition. After long time don’t inspect, the wood that support the roof and ceiling may have foliage and easy to broke if you step on them. People often fall down because of they step on the bad wood that have old or on the corroded metal if the support material is made from metal.

If you will repair your house roof, it is dangerous because actually you can’t sure that the roof condition is still good. After long time no see on the roof, the changes may happen on that time duration. If you really need go to the roof for repairing something like to change roof tile that is broken or leakage. If you directly step on the roof you can’t sure that the roof tile supporting still on a good condition, if you under the roof the same condition also can’t sure that the ceiling wood structure is still on good condition.

When you walk on the ceiling is dangerous because not all the structure cant support your body, if there are accident like your head is step into the wood then your foot step can’t be controlled anymore, then you step up to the weak structure, and the wood will broken and you fall down. This accident is often happen when people repair roof through the ceiling or install electric cable or other kind of cable that should be place on the ceiling.

To make safe to inspect on the roof, you should use safety belt that tie to the strong base that can support your body weight. You must use a safety belt to go in the ceiling and install on the strong base before you step on the wood supporting. You also make sure the structure can support your body, by check first test the strength.

Other Hazardous Chemicals

2010-04-27T23:50:00.000-07:00

Asbestos
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that can be processed to form practically indestructible fibers. People who work with asbestos are exposed to a significant hazard, since inhaling or ingesting ever very small amount of asbestos is associated with an increased risk of cancer of the lungs and the intestinal tract in susceptible people. But there is also evidence that relatively small amounts of the general public. City dwellers breathe been found in wines filtered with asbestos mesh, in homes and cars contain some asbestos in insulation, water pipes, brake linings, and the like.

Lead
Lead, like asbestos, is a naturally occurring element, usually distributed in low concentrations. Since the introduction of the automobile, however, the lead content of the atmosphere has greatly increased, for it has long been an additive in leaded gasoline. Furthermore, until recently lead was used in many paints, automobile batteries, ceramics, glassware, pipes, and other manufactured goods. The basic danger from lead lies in lead poisoning, which causes weakness, loss of appetite, anaemia, and damage to the nervous system.

Greater danger is lead poisoning that may occur when children eat lead based paint and putty, usually off walls and woodwork in older buildings. Hundreds of children have died thousands of other have suffered chronic symptoms related to it. Studies have found that children whose blood contain elevated levels of lead tend to score lower on intelligent tests than children with normal blood.

Mercury
Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in the earth’s crust. In its elemental form, mercury is a very stable metal, and mercury salt are considered quite insoluble. However, certain microorganism can convert elemental mercury and other form of mercury into an organic form, enough quantities, produces devastating symptoms.

Unfortunately, this fact was not discovered until several years after a tragic incident. From the early 1930s until 1971, certain Japanese factories released industrial wastes containing substantial quantities of mercury into the Pacific Ocean. Marine microorganisms metabolized the mercury to its concentrated as it passed along the food chain to higher organisms. The highest organisms in the chain were human beings, resident of a fishing village on Minamata, whose diet consisted almost solely of fish. The high level of mercury in the fish they ate resulted in fifty-two deaths; more than a hundred other people experienced serious symptoms, including inability to speak, mental retardation, numbness of arms and legs followed by deterioration of muscle tissue, gradual loss of coordination, and emotional disturbance. Many of these victims are now permanently disabled, and children born to mothers who consumed the contaminated seafood are severely deformed.

As a result of the Minamata episode and other mercury related disasters, most industrialized nations have instituted strict regulations prohibiting mercury pollution, and acute mercury poisoning from contaminated food is now far less likely than it was a decade ago.

Emergency Response on Water

2010-04-11T20:49:00.000-07:00

On the development of water tourism place, need a person who can handle of every problem on the water like to help people drawn. More people go to the toursm area, the more possibilty of accident happen. While not many people understand of how to help people in accident in water. If too late to help drawn people can make victom died. This toursm place need professional people special for helping people on water accident.

Many kind of water accident can happen, so people who responsible for emergency response in water accident should be trained of several skill like on the below list:

Basic knowledge of emergency condition that may happen on water (swimming pool, fast stream pool, and beach)
Knowledge and skill of First Aid for help people on difficult to breath
Technical Skill and knowledge of first aid for drawn people.
Technical Skill and knowledge of first aid for water flawed
Technical Skill and knowledge of first aid for hypothermia condition.

The contain of those training include of emergency response knowledge, cuase of emergency condition, basic principle of emergency condition. To completed this knowledge the professional on first aid shoul have knowledge and skill on the following others:

Anatomy and physiology nerve system (brain), blood circulation through heart and air circulation through lung.

Breath disturbance and heart disturbance.
Cardio pulmonary Resuscitation
Shock
Drawning
Hypothermia
Unconsciousness
Other flawed on water

Usually the training will use of CPR doll to get a simulation for help people and other tools to do a real practice.

Safety, Environment and Emissions

2010-02-18T07:02:00.000-08:00

Nothing hurts your brand reputation more than an unsafe workplace, an unsafe plant that releases toxins into the community, or unsafe products. Sustainable productions must include high performance and flexible machines with integrated safety component and safety features such as safe off and safe speed. Companies that use machines with integrated safety can potentially increase throughput, reduce injuries, and demonstrate that the company takes employee safety as seriously as they do productivity and profitability.

You also need to avoid being viewed as a company that has trouble with product recalls because of limited supply chain traceability. Recent news headlines have cited recalls for pharmaceutical products, bagged vegetables and other products that demonstrate the importance of full supply chain traceability. Consider your liability from the initiation of supply chain all the way to your distribution network.

The company solution for advance process control, predictive modeling, and continuous emissions monitoring predictive emission monitoring system are used all over the world. These solutions offer a distinct differentiator for successful sustainable production by helping manufacturer to use material efficiency and to comply with emission monitoring and reporting regulation.

With the convergence of industry drivers and the availability of value add automation solutions, you have every reason to practice sustainable production for long term competitiveness. It allow you to overcome today’s economic pressures, achieve your long term business goals, improve your global competitiveness, and have a more positive impact on society and the environment.

When you combine the cost savings of sustainability programs with today’s public rally behind saving the environment, the benefits of sustainable production are even more apparent. By investing in safer products and process, resource efficient technologies, and processes and traceability tools, manufactures thrive.

Last Post:

Alarm System

2010-02-11T08:49:00.000-08:00

Alarm system/warning to all fire fighting team is perform with the siren sound or using pager notification.

Alarm For Fire Fighting Team

1.PUSH BOTTON 1

Sound long : 3 x 15 second
Time interval : 2 x 7 second
Alarm sign can be repeated if needed.
Action: Fire Fighting Team must come in the fire fighting station or fire fighting center.

TEST – Siren Sound

2. PUSH BOTTON 2

Alarm testing in the plant should be done because, every time on emergency condition needed, alarm sound is not died. This testing do every Saturday on the 12:00 noon.

Testing done for 15 second, for make sure the function is normal.
Protection Alarm for Civil

3. PUSH BOTTON 3

Warning!

Time duration is 3 minutes with constant sound.

“Danger Come Closer”

Action: Turn on the radio, follow the instruction and prepare for protection alarm.

4. PUSH BOTTON 4

Alarm

Sound Duration for 1 minute with up and down tone as the drawing above.

“Direct Danger“

Action: Follow the instruction and act as advise, go to the safe area, bring all emergency stuff and emergency radio with battery. Listen to the next instruction.

5. PUSH BOTTON 5

Warning End

1 minute with constant tone

“Ending of Danger”
Action: Listen to the next instruction.

Related Article: Implementation of Safety System

Acetylene Bottle Handling

2010-02-02T05:24:00.000-08:00

Welding can use by electric or acetylene gas.

Working with acetylene gases will involve with several of equipments:

· Oxygen Bottle

· Acetylene bottle

· Acetylene gas maker

· Brander, connected by hose to oxygen bottle and acetylene gas.

Oxygen gas mix with acetylene gas in the brander and will fire with high temperature about 3500 ^oC.

Oxygen bottle with blue or black, acetylene bottle with white, yellow or red color. On the right store oxygen bottles is separated with acetylene bottle, if these bottle are in huge number than can connected with serial pipe.

Handling that bottle carefully, should not be hea

Health Insurance Costs Expected to Rise in 2010

2010-01-26T07:37:00.000-08:00

Health insurance costs are expected to rise in 2010. Majority of the insurers are planning to increase health care costs in the current year. As such employers are reducing employee benefits and shifting the costs to the employees. Reports suggest that the percentage increase is expected to be between 7% and 12%. However, much depends on the size of the business and the coverage an employer takes for its employees. It is being anticipated that the worst hit will be the individuals as well as business entities of smaller size.

The premiums have been escalating very steadily over the years. And studies reveal that the rate of increase in health insurance cost is several times more than the rate of inflation. This has made the health care costs skyrocket. There‘re very few people who benefit from health insurance and surprisingly an unaccountable number is either uninsured or underinsured.

Since the private sector has taken care of health insurance all these years, they have monopolized the show and consumers are left with limited options but to avail what is being offered to them. There are complaints that health insurance providers lay more stress on promoting their products and services rather than offering help to the needy.

Health insurance costs have escalated at an alarming rate over the years and consumers have failed to keep up with the costs due to the fact that their income didn’t keep pace with the rising costs. This has dramatically increased the rate of medical bankruptcy since the consumers were not able to make payments for availing health care, the cost of which was overwhelming.

In order to make health insurance affordable for all consumers, the Obama Administration is planning to bring about the necessary changes that can offer health care for all at a reasonable rate.

The federal government is planning to offer a public option as compared to the prevailing private health care system. The new changes that are expected to be implemented by the federal government are expected to bring in some relief for common people and give Americans the health care advantage that they rightfully deserve.

Ergonomic Body Position

2009-12-27T00:47:00.000-08:00

When you sit or do something, you must intent to your body position, because your wrong habits can make you abnormal forever, here is the position you should be avoided.

Sit in Crouched position
If your habit to sit in crouched position and then you feel comfortable with that position, or use not ergonomic chairs, or using chair higher than the table, and make children crouched the body when writing.

When habits are allowed to raise muscle tension in neck and back area which led to complaints feel sore or stiff. If the complaint is left for long periods can result in kyphosis. To correct it (if relatively minor), can be done with exercises to improve posture and strengthen muscles. In addition to doing exercises to support the strengthening muscles around the back and shoulder area. While classified as severe if the operation needs to be done.

Sitting in Sideways
The chair is not ergonomic or height that is not the same seat can cause the child to sit with a certain slope. If progress continues, eventually forming gradually become a habit. The muscles and spine are forced to work too hard make adjustments with body position. As a result, there was muscle strain. So naturally, if the complaint appears stiff or sore feeling in the back and waist area because the muscles are tense.

If this position is ongoing can cause abnormal postures known as scoliosis. However, when the crooked less than 20 degrees is enough exercise to strengthen muscles and the formation of posture. Meanwhile, if classified as secondary scoliosis, should be assisted tools and when to have an operation classified as severe.

Carrying heavy loads
Carrying a heavy load on one side, for example carrying a bag on the right shoulder constant may also cause muscle tension in the right shoulder. Marked by a sense of aches or stiffness, pain in the region. In fact, if the condition is ongoing for a prolonged period can result in changes in posture, though not always scoliosis.

When these posture changes to result in a high shoulder side, head into the high side and the pelvis is necessary to conduct X-ray examination. Given the curved spine to form the letter "S", it can be diagnosed with scoliosis. The next step, live determines the degree of slope of the curve to determine therapy or what to do.

Writing while asleep
Lying position while writing on the floor can cause complaints of pain in the neck, shoulders, and back muscle strain although not to cause scoliosis. However, if the sleeping position, face down, or sit the wrong attitude continually allowed to form bad habits can impact on health.

Prone position, for example, will put pressure on the chest and lungs are also a means to prevent the circulation of oxygen. In fact, the smooth supply of much needed oxygen in the brain to concentrate. Another result is easy sleepy. In addition, lying or prone position also causes the eye sight and textbooks become closer, so less good for the eyes.

Other Articles:

Poisoning Symptom and Effect

2009-12-10T00:47:00.000-08:00

Poison or toxin is a kiss that can cause permanent or temporary damage if it enters the body in sufficient quantities.

Poisons can enter the body through:

Gastrointestinal tract: ingested / swallowed
Channel breathing: inhaled / smoked
Skin: injection
Eyes

Once these toxins enter the body, toxins can be quickly removed from the body tissue through blood vessels into the circulatory system. Symptoms and signs can vary, depending on how the entry of toxins. Reaction vomiting is very common way in most cases, accompanied by the risk of choking on stomach contents.

Poisoning can occur accidentally or accident and is usually associated with chemicals that often occurs in the home environment. Poisoning can also occur because the element of intent with the intention of committing suicide by swallowing or drinking poison insects or contaminated food, and drug and alcohol abuse.

Prevention

When trying to help the victims, do not become the next victim.
Not allowing toxins or drugs within reach of children. Store in a locked cabinet.
Destroying poisons and drugs that are not in use.
Use the appropriate label, use containers or hazardous materials that can not be opened the children.
Do not put medicines or toxic substances in the bottle.
Watch out for toxic fumes or gases in a closed room.

Poisoning Effect
There are many toxic effects depending on the material and the amount of toxins that enter the body, can be immediate or slow. Toxins are usually quick to react with toxins that enter the body through injection or inhalation. While the poison is absorbed through the skin usually reacts a little slow.

Poisoning signs

Signs and symptoms of poisoning depends on the cause or toxic substances into the body. Symptoms such as:
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
Sleepy
A burning pain on the skin and the stomach
Difficulty in breathing, tight chest, headache
Ear buzzing, blurred vision
Unpleasant breath odor
Signs bite or injection
Changes in skin color, with blue on the lips
Burned around and in the
Suddenly unconscious

Safety Regulations on Commercial Formulations

2009-11-09T01:08:00.000-08:00

Chemistry pervades every area of agribusiness. The use of chemicals was limited to about 50 compounds in 1940, now several hundred are used in perhaps 50,000 commercial formulations. Effectiveness and economical production are important, but safety to farmers, consumers, and the general public is so important that federal laws strictly demand it. The following specific regulatory applies.

The meat inspection Act of 1906 (as amended)
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1935 (as amended by the Miller Amendment of 1954 concerned with pesticide residues: Color Certification Bill of 1960, and the Drug Amendment of 1962 amending the so-called Delaney (or cancer) clause 409 (s)(3)(A) of the Food Additives Amendment.
Agriculture Marketing Act of 1946 (as amended)
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947
Poultry Product Inspection Act of 1957
Public Law 86-139 of 1959 (which extends item 4)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), Public Law 92-516 of 1972 and its amendments, Public Law 94-140 of 1975, and Public Law 95-306 of 1978.

Registration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is now required for all pesticides. The potential hazards of chemicals to public health and wildlife are constantly being considered and reviewed by competent government authorities and weighed against their proven value in agriculture. Parts of apparent problem lies in new analytical techniques which enable the determine. Chronic (long term) effects are especially difficult to measure even with relatively high concentrations. Adequate safeguards now exist, provided that label recommendations are followed intelligently and correctly by the user. Licencing of applicatiors helps assure compliance.

Sample of Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS)

2009-10-19T01:26:00.000-07:00

Material Datasheet contain of chemical explanation on using and what kind of every safety tools on work should be used. The example of the MSDS is as follows:

Material Safety Data Sheet

Hazard identification
Potential Health Effects:
Based on animal data, overexposure to FM-200 by inhalation may cause suffocation, if air is displayed by vapors, and irregular heart beat with a strange sensation in the chest, “heart thumping,” apprehension, lightheadedness, feeling of fainting, dizziness, weakness, sometimes progressing to loss of consciousness and dead.

FM-200 may cause “frostbite-like” effects if the liquid or escaping vapors contact the eyes.

In one study, human volunteers were selected to inhale FM-200 at a concentration of 6000 ppm but the study was terminated due to a rise in pulse rate that was believed to be unrelated to the chemical. In a subsequent study with human volunteers inhaling concentrations up to 8000 ppm no clinically significant effects were observed for any of the measured laboratory parameters.

Individuals with preexisting diseases of the cardiovascular system or nervous system may have increased susceptibility from excessive exposures.

Carcinogenicity Information:
None of the components present in this material at concentrations equal to or greater than 0.1% are listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH as a carcinogen.

First Aid Measures
First aid:
Inhalation
If inhaled, immediately remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Call a physician.

Skin Contact
Treat for frostbite if necessary by gently warming affected area.

Eye Contact
In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Call a physician.

MSDS in Dutch:
Sample of Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDB)
Material Datenblatt enthalten chemische Erklärung über die Verwendung und welche Art von Sicherheits-Tools auf jedem Arbeitsplatz verwendet werden. Das Beispiel der Sicherheitsdatenblätter ist wie folgt:

Material Safety Data Sheet
Gefahrenermittlung
Mögliche Gesundheitsrisiken:
Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus Tierversuchen, übermäßige FM-200 durch Einatmen kann zu Erstickung führen, wenn Luft durch Dämpfe angezeigt und unregelmäßigen Herzschlag mit einem seltsamen Gefühl in der Brust, "Herz pochen," Angst, Benommenheit, Gefühl der Ohnmacht, Schwindel, Schwäche, manchmal voran, um den Verlust des Bewusstseins und der Toten.

FM-200 kann "Erfrierungen-like"-Effekte, wenn die Flüssigkeit oder Dämpfe entweichen an den Augen.

In einer Studie wurden Freiwilligen ausgewählt, um atmen FM-200 in einer Konzentration von 6000 ppm aber die Studie wurde beendet durch eine Erhöhung der Pulsfrequenz, die glaubte, dass in keinem Zusammenhang mit der Chemikalie. In einer späteren Studie mit menschlichen Probanden inhalierten Konzentrationen von bis zu 8000 ppm keine klinisch signifikanten Effekte wurden für jede der gemessenen Laborwerte beobachtet.

Personen mit vorbestehenden Erkrankungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems oder des Nervensystems haben die Anfälligkeit von übermäßigen Forderungen erhöht.

Karzinogenität Informationen:
Keine Komponente, die in diesem Material in einer Konzentration gleich oder größer als 0,1% werden durch die IARC, NTP, OSHA oder ACGIH als Karzinogen aufgeführt.

Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen
Erste Hilfe:
Einatmen
Falls eingeatmet, sofort an die frische Luft. Bei Atemstillstand künstlich beatmen. Bei Atembeschwerden Sauerstoff geben. Einen Arzt rufen.

Hautkontakt
Gönnen für Erfrierungen gegebenenfalls durch vorsichtiges Erwärmen betroffenen Gebiet.

Augenkontakt
Bei Berührung die Augen sofort mit viel Wasser mindestens 15 Minuten. Einen Arzt rufen.

In Japan Language:
化学物質等安全データシート（MSDS）は、のサンプル
材料データシート化学的解明の仕事上のすべての安全性のツールをどのような種類を使用して使用する必要がありますが含まれます。 MSDSの例は以下のとおり：

化学物質等安全データシート
ハザードの識別
潜在的な健康への影響：
動物実験のデータ、FMへの露出オーバー- 200吸入で窒息死の原因に基づく場合、空気の蒸気で、不規則な心臓が表示されている胸の中に奇妙な感覚とビートは、"心の強烈な、"不安、立ちくらみ、失神、めまい感、弱さ、時には意識と、死者の損失に進行。

のFM - 200"、凍傷を引き起こす可能性があります"のような効果の場合は、液体またはエスケープ蒸気が目にご連絡ください。

1つの調査では、ヒトのボランティアのFMを吸入する200 6000 ppmの濃度でも研究では、化学的に無関係であると信じられて脈拍の上昇のために終了したが選ばれた。ヒトのボランティア8000 ppmに臨床的に有意な影響濃度を吸入するとその後の研究では任意の測定実験パラメータの観察された。

心血管系や中枢神経系の既存の疾病を持つ個人の過剰な暴露からの感受性を増加している場合があります。

発癌性情報：
濃度に等しいコンポーネントは、この材料中に存在するなし以上0.1％未満は、IARC、NTPは、OSHAは、またはACGIHによって、発ガン物質として表示されます。

応急措置
応急処置：
吸入すると、
もし吸入したら、すぐに新鮮な空気を削除します。呼吸しない場合、人工呼吸を行う。もし呼吸が困難な場合は酸素を与える。医師を呼び出します。

皮膚に付着した
もし静かに影響を受ける地域の温暖化が必要に凍傷を扱う。

アイコンタクト
お問い合わせの場合は、少なくとも15分間、多量の水ですぐに洗い流す。医師を呼び出します。

In Portuguese Language:
Amostra de material Ficha de Segurança (MSDS) Datasheet conter material de explicação sobre o uso de químicos e que tipo de todas as ferramentas de segurança no trabalho deve ser usado. O exemplo da FISPQ é a seguinte:

Ficha de Segurança
Identificação de perigo
Efeitos potenciais à saúde:
Com base em dados animais, a superexposição a FM-200 por inalação pode causar asfixia, se o ar é exibida por vapores, e batimento cardíaco irregular com uma sensação estranha no peito, "o coração batendo", apreensão, vertigens, sensação de desmaio, tontura, fraqueza, podendo evoluir para perda da consciência e mortos.

FM-200 pode causar "frostbite-como" efeitos se o líquido ou vapores escapando contato com os olhos.

Em um estudo, voluntários foram selecionados para inalar FM-200, na concentração de 6000 ppm, mas o estudo foi interrompido devido a um aumento na taxa de pulso que se acreditava estar relacionado com o produto químico. Em um estudo posterior com voluntários humanos inalação de concentrações até 8000 ppm clinicamente não foram observados efeitos significativos para nenhum dos parâmetros laboratoriais avaliados.

Indivíduos com doenças preexistentes do sistema cardiovascular ou sistema nervoso podem ter aumentado a suscetibilidade da exposição excessiva.

Carcinogenicidade Informações:
Nenhum dos componentes presentes neste material em concentrações iguais ou superiores a 0,1% são listados pela IARC, NTP, OSHA ou ACGIH como uma substância cancerígena.

Medidas de Primeiros Socorros
Primeiros socorros:
Inalação
Se inalado, remover imediatamente para o ar fresco. Se não estiver respirando, aplique respiração artificial. Se respirar com dificuldade, dê oxigênio. Chame um médico.

Contato com a pele
Trate de congelação, se necessário, gentilmente aquecendo área afetada.

Eye Contact
Em caso de contato, lavar imediatamente os olhos com água em abundância durante pelo menos 15 minutos. Chame um médico.

Other Refference:

Safety for Arc Welding

2009-10-05T18:17:00.000-07:00

Before starting actual arc welding the student should be fully aware of the dangers involved. The high temperature arc and hot metal can cause severe burns. In addition the electric arc itself provides an additional safety hazard.

The electric arc emits large amounts of ultra violet and infra-red rays. Both types of rays are invisible to the naked eye just as the same type of rays emitted by the sun are invisible. However they both have the identical properties of causing sunburn on the human skin, except that the arc burns much more rapidly and deeply. Since these rays are produced very close to the operator they can cause very severe burns to the eyes in a short exposure time.

When welding with the electric arc, there is added danger that the small globules or droplets of molten metal may leave the arc and fly in all directions. These so called sparks range in temperature from 2000 ° to 3000° Fahrenheit and in size from very small to as large as ¼ inch. They present a personal burn hazard plus a fire hazard if they fall in inflammable material.

The welding operator needs to protect himself, by means of a helmet and other protective devices from the harmful rays of the arc and flying sparks. The filter plates in the welding helmet will remove 99% of the harmful rays if the proper shade lens is used.

Other dangers associated with electric arc welding are:

Electric shock-which may be caused by standing in damp areas, welding without gloves, bare cables, uninsulated holder, etc.
Harmful fumes given off in welding process especially when welding on galvanized or other coated materials.

The operator should be familiar with all safety precautions and take care to adequately protect himself at all times against any hazards associated with arc welding by wearing protective clothing and equipment, working in dry conditions, providing adequate ventilation and in general using good common sense.

Following is a list of safety precautions that should be observed in the use of the arc welding equipment.

Electric Shock:

Make sure machine is properly grounded.
Never permit “live” parts of the electric welder to touch bare skin or wet clothing.
Do not cool electrode holders by emersion in water.
Turn off power supply when welder is not in use.
Do not stand on wet areas while welding.
Wear leather gloves.
Make sure cable are covered and in good condition.
Make certain that electrode holders are properly insulated.

Burn:

Protect eyes and face from flying particles of slag by use of safety glasses or face shield.
Wear adequate protective clothing.
Always wear leather gloves.
Wear high top shoes.
Keep collar, shirt pockets, etc buttoned.
Do not touch the electrode or metal where welding has taken place.
Handle hot metal with pliers or tongs.
Keep electrode stubs properly disposed of.

Radiant Energy (Ultraviolet Rays, etc.)

Use a welding helmet with the correct shade lens in good condition.
Wear suitable clothing—do not leave bare skin exposed to the rays of the arc.
Do not strike the arc without covering the face and eyes. Give warning to others before striking the arc.
Avoid looking directly at the arc where others are welding without proper eye protection.

Gases and Fumes:

Work only in well-ventilated areas.
Use great care when working on metals covered with lead or zinc.
If working in a confined area use respirator or other approved breathing devices.

Combustion Material:

Keep shop clean in areas where welding is to be done.
Do not weld near combustible materials of any kind.
Never weld on covered containers which may have held combustible materials without first taking adequate safety precautions. For example, fill them with water, steam clean or fill with an inert gas.

Fire Protection:

Be familiar with location and types of fire extinguishers.
Report any unsafe conditions that might start a fire.
Do not weld near inflammable materials.
Do not weld on containers that have held inflammable materials.
Do not weld near electrical fittings or lines.

Chemical Hazard and Symbol

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Chemical Hazard symbol divided into 9 categories class number of the dangerous characteristic of the chemicals. Each of category may describe different in every country.

Class 1: Explosive Materials

For example, the Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations provides a description of compatibility groups.
1.1 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard

Ex: TNT, dynamite, nitroglycerin.

1.2 Explosives with a severe projection hazard.
1.3 Explosives with a fire, blast or projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard.
1.4 Minor fire or projection hazard (includes ammunition and most consumer fireworks).
1.5 An insensitive substance with a mass explosion hazard (explosion similar to 1.1)
1.6 Extremely insensitive articles.

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates hazmat transportation within the territory of the US.

1.1 — Explosives with a mass explosion hazard. (nitroglycerin/dynamite)
1.2 — Explosives with a blast/projection hazard.
1.3 — Explosives with a minor blast hazard. (rocket propellant, display fireworks)
1.4 — Explosives with a major fire hazard. (consumer fireworks, ammunition)
1.5 — Blasting agents.
1.6 — Extremely insensitive explosives.

Class 2: Gasses

Gases which are compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure as detailed below. Some gases have subsidiary risk classes; poisonous or corrosive.

2.1 Flammable Gas: Gases which ignite on contact with an ignition source, such as acetylene and hydrogen.
2.2 Non-Flammable Gases: Gases which are neither flammable nor poisonous. Includes the cryogenic gases/liquids (temperatures of below -100°C) used for cryopreservation and rocket fuels, such as nitrogen and neon.
2.3 Poisonous Gases: Gases liable to cause death or serious injury to human health if inhaled; examples are fluorine, chlorine, and hydrogen cyanide.

Class 3: Flammable Liquids

Flammable liquids included in Class 3 are included in one of the following packing groups:

Packing Group I, if they have an initial boiling point of 35°C or less at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa and any flash point, such as diethyl ether or carbon disulfide.
Packing Group II, if they have an initial boiling point greater than 35°C at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa and a flash point less than 23°C, such as gasoline (petrol) and acetone.
Packing Group III, if the criteria for inclusion in Packing Group I or II are not met, such as kerosene and diesel.

Class 4: Flammable Solids

4.1 Flammable Solids: Solid substances that are easily ignited and readily combustible (nitrocellulose, magnesium, safety or strike-anywhere matches).
4.2 Spontaneously Combustible: Solid substances that ignite spontaneously (aluminum alkyls, white phosphorus).
4.3 Dangerous when Wet: Solid substances that emit a flammable gas when wet or react violently with water (sodium, calcium, potassium, calcium carbide).

Class 5: Oxidizing Agents and Organic Peroxides

5.1 Oxidizing agents other than organic peroxides (calcium hypochlorite, ammonium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate).
5.2 Organic peroxides, either in liquid or solid form (benzoyl peroxides, cumenn hydroperoxide).

Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances

6.1a Toxic substances which are liable to cause death or serious injury to human health if inhaled, swallowed or by skin absorption (potassium cyanide, mercuric chloride).
6.1b (Now PGIII) Toxic substances which are harmful to human health (N.B this symbol is no longer authorized by the United Nations) (pesticides, methylene chloride).
6.2 Biohazardous substances; the World Health Organization (WHO) divides this class into two categories: Category A: Infectious; and Category B: Samples (virus cultures, pathology specimens, used intravenous needles).

Class 7: Radioactive Substances

Radioactive substances comprise substances or a combination of substances which emit ionizing radiation (uranium, plutonium).

Class 8: Corrosive Substances

Corrosive substances are substances that can dissolve organic tissue or severely corrode certain metals:

8.1 Acids: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid
8.2 Alkalis: potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide

Class 9: Miscellaneous

Hazardous substances that do not fall into the other categories (asbestos, air-bag inflators, self inflating life rafts, dry ice).

Other Hazardous Label:

Safety Requirements Guide for Plant and Equipment

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The hydrocarbon processing units are broadly classified as

the crude oil production & processing facilities
the refining, storage & transportation facilities
refined hydrocarbon product processing to more valued products & chemicals. Usually all these processing units will broadly consist of all or majority of the following plant groups:

Crude oil/refined product receiving pipe manifolds
Storage (crude/product)
Process Units
Dispatch facility/Loading Racks
Safety & fire Protective System
Waste water treatment facility
Operation/Service Building (control rooms, DG Set, Sub-station, storage, etc.)

The plant & equipment layouts of such unit are guided by the urge of utmost safety against fire so that in event of fire in any of the block of the unit, the neighboring block remains safe & risk to the units & personal are the minimum. The plant layout arrangement can follow the general flow route with an eye on utilizing the block layout providing the storage thanks on one side (located down wind direction from the process units), process units on another & utilities segregated at a suitable separate safe relative position. The entire plant area should be subdivided into block with in plant roadways separating the blocks to provide fire breaks & giving proper access to the plant in the event of fire for fire fighting. The plant boundary should be considered as a source of ignition from outside, hence so critical facility & process units should be placed close to that reliable unobstructed approach is available during construction, maintenance & fire fighting. Road width should be adequately sized with proper turning radii at road junction for vehicle & equipment movements without speed restriction in event of emergency.

Critical plant elements & special process units, flares, utility plants & control rooms should all have maximum protection through provision of proper spacing, location & accessibility. Utilities should be protected & should be available during emergency conditions. High density personnel area like control & operators room must be located away from the hazardous process & storage area.

Based on the experiences, feed-back from the safe operating units & guidelines circulated by different agencies like API (American Petroleum Institute), SFPE (Society of Fire Protection Engineers, USA), NFPA (National Fire Protection Association, USA), Institute of Petroleum, UK, Bureau of Indian Standards, Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC, India), Directorate general of Mines Safety (as applicable for ONGC/Oil India Ltd.). OIDB and other national regulatory agencies like Chief Controller of Explosives (Static & Mobile pressure Vessels – Unfired Rules 1981), an attempt has been made to evolve broad guidelines for reasonably safe and acceptable plot-plan & equipment layout and fire – fighting system layout.

Safety Shoes

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Safety Shoes have many classification and have many type, many trademark and else. The different kind of this shoes of course have different price, but if we talk about safety that any something that can not be negotiate, it is a soul, human soul.

There are a basic standard of safety shoes, every use in a certain working condition should follow this standard. If the specification of certain shoe is not follow the standard specification, then the risk will merge, or the life time of that safety shoes will can't longer. These all are interrelated each others.

Implementation Safety System

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Implementing the right safety system can increase productivity while helping to mitigate risk and minimize costs. Thanks to advances in automation technology increasingly cohesive global standards and a manufacturing culture keep on protecting people and optimizing machines, manufactures have the best opportunity ever to employ an integrated system that improves productivity without compromising safety.

Rockwell automation offers a large line of innovative safety automation products and services, providing customers with a single, trusted source for all their safety automation needs.

Conventional Safety System
Many legacy manufacturing applications were developed without an emphasis on safety, relying on the operator and maintenance technician to avoid hazards. Other was deployed as an after thought, in response to an accident or new industry standard. These safety ad-ons used a “black-box” approach where the safety solution were completely separate from the automation system, contributing to a reactive manufacturing environment.

Integrated Architecture Solution
The risk associated and conventional systems are no longer needed or acceptable, thanks to progressive global standard, major technological innovation and risk management services. When deployed properly using a holistic approach today’s safety automation system allows the best of both worlds, a safety environment for employees, reduced environmental impact better processes and optimized productivity.

Innovation Safety Technology Systems
The inherent properties of automation solutions make it easier for costumers to cost effectively integrate safety. The transition from electromechanical relays to solid state device brings a host of new benefits including improved diagnostic, improved reliability and better space efficiency. Likewise the integration of safety control into network based architectures provide valuable plant-floor information that can be used to optimize production and help reduce downtime.

The ability to implement safety control within a single network architecture offers many advantages over hardwiring, including reduced design, installation and maintenance cross as well as expanded diagnostic capabilities. New safety control technology also help streamline lock-out procedures, improving productivity while minimizing the desire for operators to bypass the safety system.

Additionally the practice of designing in safety up front helps machine builder evaluate and mitigate risks early in the process, saving critical time and helping you get machines to market faster. Innovative safety technologies make it possible to use zone control and safe speed for maintenance and repairs. This combine with the ability to streamline hardware helps machines use less energy, require less downtime and be more productive.

Poisoning

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Poisoning is manifested by severe, often life-threatening symptoms of illness after the intake of a toxic substance. Poisons can be solid, fluid, or gaseous chemical substances that are deleterious to the body even if taken in minor quantities. Poisons can either the body through the lungs, the stomach, or the skin.

Symptoms and Sign
Suspect poisoning, it a previously healthy person suddenly develops serious sign of illness, such as:

Disturbance of consciousness, unconsciousness
States of euphoria and intoxication
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Changes of the skin (pallor, reddening, bluing)
Pupil change (rigid pupils, either narrow or widened)
Respiratory and circulatory disturbances

Suspect poisoning also when several people suffer the same symptoms simultaneously (e.g. vomiting, diarrhea), or if there is circumstantial evidence (person found motionless in a wine vault during fermentation).

A few additional points may be helpful:

Question and observe the sick person
Question persons in the vicinity (family members, neighbors).
Inspect the vicinity (farewell letter, empty pill boxes)

Danger:
Shock – Unconsciousness – respiratory failure – circulatory arrest. Permanent squeal, such as brain, liver and kidney damage, cannot be ruled out.

First Aid:
The objective of first aid is to preserve life by taking general measures. They depend on:

The condition of the casualty
Now the poison was taken
The type of poison

If the casualty is conscious:

Poison known: ring the poison information center (telephone number), and follow their instruction
Treat for shock
Emergency call
Send poison residues and the poison container found at the scene of the accident to hospital together with the casualty

If the casualty is without consciousness:

Make an emergency diagnosis and take immediate life saving measure
Emergency call
Send poison residues and the poison container found at the scene to the hospital together with the casualty.

Hazardous Area Classification

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Hazardous area fall into two categories; hazards due to flammable gases (vapors or mists), and hazards due to combustible dusts (fibers or particles).
Gaseous Hazards
Explosive gas atmospheres are classified into zones based on the frequency and duration of their occurrence as below:

Zone 0: an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously, for long periods, or is present frequently

Zone 1: an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere gas is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally

Zone 2: an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation, and if it does occur it will exist for a short period only.

Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres is divided into the following groups:

Group I: mines susceptible to fire damp (methane)

Group II: other industries
High surface temperatures can cause ignition of flammable gases or vapors therefore the surface temperature of equipment in hazardous area must not exceed the ignition temperature of these gases or vapors.

Group I: Electrical equipment may not have a surface temperature that exceeds 150oC where coal dust can form a layer, and 450oC for internal surface where the above risk is avoided by sealing against ingress or dust.

Group II: electrical equipment may not have a surface temperature that exceed its specified temperature class, as listed in the table below:

Temperature class of electrical equipment	Maximum temperature of electrical equipment	Ignition temperature Of gases or vapor
T1	≤ 450 ^oC	450 ^oC
T2	≤ 300 ^oC	300 ^oC
T3	≤ 200 ^oC	200 ^oC
T4	≤ 135 ^oC	135 ^oC
T5	≤ 100 ^oC	100 ^oC
T6	≤ 85 ^oC	85 ^oC

Electrical apparatus of Group II may be subdivided according to the nature of the potentially explosive atmosphere for which it is intended.

Open Chest Injury

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If the rig cage is open up, air is sucked into the chest cavity. Thus there is no longer a vacuum between chest wall and lung, and the lung – since it is elastic – collapses, and no longer contributes to the breathing process.

If the opening is so large that air enters and leaves the chest cavity when the casualty breathes, the chest organs become unstable because of the constant movement (mediastinal shift), which can within a very short time lead to circulation changes.

Symptom and Signs

Wound, may be accompanied by whistling or slurping noise
Air bubbles in the wound
Spitting of Blood
Extreme breathing difficulties

Danger!

Breathing becomes increasingly difficult because the lung is no longer able to expand – severe shock – death caused by circulation failure.

First Aid

Place a sterile dressing over the wound
Help the casualty into a half-sitting, if feasible, turn him to his injured side.
Treat for shock
Emergency call

Abdominal Injuries

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Blunt Injury of the Abdomen

A blunt abdominal injury is to be assumed, when internal organs (spleen, liver, intestines) were injured by external violence, but there is no visible wound.

Symptoms and Signs

- intense pain

- hawmotomata, bruises

- tense abdominal wall

Danger!

Severe internal bleeding and shock

Fist Aid

- Lie the casualty down with legs drawn up and support his knees with a rolled blanket or garment.

Open Abdominal Injury

In open injuries of the abdomen the abdominal cavity has been opened up and bowels may have emerged. The most common causes for such injuries are stabs, shots and impalement by sharp objects.

Symptoms and Signs

- Wound in the abdomen

- Protrusion of intestinal loops

- Intense pain

Danger!

Injuries of the abdominal organs are accompanied by severe bleeding, shock, and infection of the wound.

First Aid

- Cover the wound, and, if necessary, the bowel lightly with a sterile (metallized) dressing. Leave the protruding gut in its position. Do not attempt to put the gut back in place.

- Lie the casualty down with drawn up knees supported by a rolled up coat of blanket.

- Continue shock treatment.

- Emergency call.

Note:

Never apply warmth to the casualty’s body belly in case of injuries and unspecified complaints in the abdominal area. The casualty must not eat, drink or smoke.

Hazard Analyses

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Introduction The meaning of hazard is often confused with risk. Hazard is defined as the inherent potential of a material or activity to harm people, property, or the environment. Hazard does not have a probability component.

There are differences in terminology on the meaning of risk in the published literature that can lead to confusion. Risk has been defined in various ways (CPQRA, 1989, pp. 3, 4). In this edition of the handbook, risk is defined as: “A measure of economic loss or injury in terms of both the incident likelihood and magnitude of loss or injury.” Risk

implies a probability of something occurring.
Definition of Terms Following are some definitions that are useful in understanding the components of hazards and risk (CPQRA, 1989, pp. 3, 4).

acceptable risk
The average rate of risk considered tolerable for a given activity. accident A specific combination of events or circumstances that leads to an undesirable consequence. acute hazard The potential for injury or damage to occur as a result of an instantaneous or short-duration exposure to the effects of an accident.

chronic hazard
The potential for injury or damage to occur as a result of prolonged exposure to an undesirable condition. Cause-Consequence A procedure using diagrams to illustrate the causes and consequences of a particular scenario. They are not widely used because, even for simple systems, displaying all causes and outcomes leads to very complex diagrams. Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) The CEI provides a method of rating the relative potential of acute health hazard to people from possible chemical release incidents. consequence The direct, undesirable result of an accident, usually measured in health and safety effects, loss of property, or business costs, or a measure of the expected effects of an incident outcome case. For example, an ammonia cloud from a 10-lb/s leak under stability class D weather conditions and a 1.4-mi/h wind traveling in a northerly direction may injure 50 people.

consequence analysis
Once hazards have been established, methods exist for analyzing their consequences (size of vapor cloud, blast damage radius, overpressure expected, etc.). This is independent of frequency or probability.

domino effect
An incident which starts in one piece of equipment and affects other nearby items, such as vessels containing hazardous materials, by thermal blast or fragment impact. This can lead to escalation of consequences or frequency of occurrence. This is also known as a knock-on effect.

event
An occurrence involving equipment performance or human action or an occurrence external to the system that causes system upset. An event is associated with an incident, either as a cause or a contributing cause of the incident, or as a response to an initiating event.

event sequence
A specific, unplanned sequence of events composed of initiating events and intermediate events that may lead to an incident.

event tree
Seeks to identify the ultimate consequence of an event, while fault tree analysis aims to identify the basic causes of a specific event. Event trees can grow quite large very quickly.

failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA)
A hazard identification technique in which all known failure modes of components or features of a system are considered in turn and undesired outcomes are noted. It is usually used in combination with fault tree analysis. It is a complicated procedure, usually carried out by experienced risk analysts.

fault tree
A method for representing the logical combinations of various system states which lead to a particular outcome, known as the top event.

Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) The F&EI is used to rate the potential of hazard from fires and explosions.

frequency
The rate at which observed or predicted events occur.

HAZOP
HAZOP stands for “hazard and operability studies.” This is a set of formal hazard identification and elimination procedures designed to identify hazards to people, process plants, and the environment.

incident
The loss of containment of material or energy; for example, a leak of a flammable and toxic gas.

incident outcome
The physical outcome of an incident; for example, a leak of a flammable and toxic gas could result in a jet fire, a vapor cloud explosion, a vapor cloud fire, a toxic cloud, etc.

probability
The likelihood of the occurrence of events or a measure of the degree of belief, the values of which range from 0 to 1.

probability analysis
Evaluates the likelihood of an event occurring. Using failure rate data for equipment, piping, instruments, and fault tree techniques, the frequency (events/year) can be quantified.

quantitative risk assessment (QRA)
The systematic development of numerical estimates of the expected frequency and/or consequence of potential accidents associated with a facility or operation. Using consequence and probability analyses and other factors such as population density and expected weather conditions, QRA predicts the fatality rate for a given event. This methodology is useful for evaluation of alternates, but its value as an absolute measure of risk should be considered carefully.

risk analysis
The development of a quantitative estimate of risk based on engineering evaluation and mathematical techniques for combining estimates of incident consequences and frequencies.

risk assessment
The process by which results of a risk analysis are used to make decisions, either through a relative ranking of risk reduction strategies or through comparison with risk targets. The terms risk analysis and risk assessment are often used interchangeably in the literature.

worst credible incident
The most severe incident, considering only incident outcomes and their consequences, of all identified incidents and their outcomes.

Chest Injuries

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Blunt chest injury
A blunt chest injury is to be assumed when external violence upon the rib cage causes the fractures and lung injuries, but there is no visible external wound.

Symptoms and signs

Pain when taking deep breaths
Breathing is shallow
Pain-relieving stance
Hacking cough, possibly spitting of blood
Sings of shock

Danger

Fracture of even a few ribs, the breastbone or vertebrae can cause inward bleeding or injuries of internal organs (lung, heart). Serial rib fracture are particularly dangerous, as they, first and foremost, impair breathing.

First Aid

Open tight clothes.
If possible, place the casualty in an almost half sitting position turning him to his injured side.
Treat for shock.
Emergency call.

Broken Pelvis

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A pelvis fracture can occur when the casualty falls or is buried or trapped, etc.

Symptoms and Signs
Pain around the pelvis region and the legs. The casualty might be unable to get up.

Danger
Additional injuries of internal organs and thus internal bleeding.

First Aid

Do not change the casualty’s position, in particular avoid leg movements.
Move the casualty away only from immediate danger. Draw the casualty gently to safety, but leave him otherwise in the position you found him.
Treat for shock
Emergency call

Accident Prevention
Falls are the most common accident causes, resulting not only in bruises, but also in severe injuries, sometimes fatal. The risk of an accident is increased by unsuitable or worn-down shoes, bad light, or no light, untidiness, impaired vision, and lack of safety-mindedness.

Chores that required one to “aim high” and to leave “firm ground,” are particularly hazardous. Use neither footstools or shaky stools, nor piled up pieces of furniture, but get yourself an inexpensive step or a safe two step or three step stool.

Use of Ladders:

Make sure that the ladder is standing firmly and has the correct height, wear suitable shoes and do not exceed the admissible loads (see sticker on the pole).
Do not keep ladders behind unlocked doors!
Always climb the ladder facing the rungs!
Do not stand on the top step or rung!
Do not bend sideways, but move the ladder on!
Do not use a stepladder as a leaning ladder (garden ladder!)

Purchase of a Ladder
Buy only tested ladders: i.e. ladders that comply with the Z 1500-standards (“Z 1500-gepruft”- sticker on the poles).

When you use leaning ladder (garden ladders), make sure of:

Firm hold
Correct angle and
Firm point of contact

Fracture of Vertebrae

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Damage to the spine is caused either by direct or indirect violence (compression) and is not always readily recognizable. Pain may not occur until a few days later. Therefore find out how the accident came about (fall, skidding). Special attention is to be paid to fractures of the vertebrae, because of the risk of injuries to the spinal cord which may result in paralysis and or sensory disorders.

Whiplash syndrome: In rear end collisions the backward and forward jerking of the head can cause injuries of the cervical spine.

Symtoms and Signs

Typical kind of accident
Pain in the back, the casualty may be unable to stand up or to move his legs
Tingling sensation or numbness in arms and legs

Danger
Damage to the spinal cord

In case of an injury of the cervical spine involving damage to the spinal cord respiratory disorders may occur. Such injuries may also be caused after the accident by inexpert moving and handling.

First Aid

Do not change the casualty’s position until the doctor or the ambulance staff arrives at the scene of the accident.
Move the casualty away only from the immediate danger zone. Draw the casualty gently to safety, but leave him other wise in the original he was found.
Note that the crash helmet does protect the casualty’s head, but transmits the impact to the cervical spine (injuries of cervical vertebrae). If you have to take off the crash helmet, see how to help on Crash Helmet.
If the casualty is unconscious, place him gently in a lateral position. The casualty’s head should be supported by a second helper. Do not tilt the head too far backwards.
Treat for shock.
Emergency call.

Fracture of Skull Cap

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Any blow or fall on the head can cause damage, noticeable immediately or later. An injury of the cranium is only visible, if there is an open wound or an apparent deformation (dent) at the same site.

Symptoms and Signs

- wound on the scalp

- bone splinters may be visible

- possible brain protrusion

- possible symptoms of brain damage (disturbance of consciousness, unconsciousness)

Skull Base

A fracture of the skull base is an injury typical of road accidents due to the impact caused by head on collisions with the windshield, and of skiing and sledding accidents.

Apart from the base of the skull, blood vessel and nerves entering and exiting at the skull base can, likewise, be injured and cause bleeding and nerve failure. Brain injuries are also possible.

Symptoms and Signs

Suspect the fractured skull base, if blood, even a few drops only, is coming from inside the ear; bleeding from the nose or the eye socket (haematoma around the eye) might also be evidence of a fractured skull. Quite often signs of brain damage (unconsciousness) are apparent.

Danger

Danger of suffocation (when the unconscious casualty is lying on his back), brain pressure because of brain swelling or brain bleeding (unconsciousness, spasms, respiratory and circulatory failure), danger of infection in open skull injuries.

First Aid

- If necessary, take immediately life-saving action

- Cover the wound, do not apply any pressure to the wound

- Raise the casualty’s head and thorax, if he is conscious.

- If he is unconscious, turn him to his uninjured side.

- Exception: if the skull is dented or broken, the casualty should lie on the uninjured side.

Bone Fractures

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A fracture is a break of a bone caused by direct or indirect violence. The tensile strength and bending ability of the bone are exceeded and bone breaks.

There are two main types of fractures:

Fracture without any visible wound (closed fracture),
Fracture with a visible wound at the site of the broken bone (open fracture).

Symptom and signs

Pain, swelling, pain-relieving stance
Movement is difficult of impossible
Deformity (abnormal shape and outline of the bone)
Wounds

Danger

Shock owing to blood loss and pain. A wound at the side of the fracture carries the risk of infection. Inexpert aid can turn a closed fracture into an open fracture. Injuries of nerves, blood vessels and internal organs are also possible.

First Aid

Do not move the affected arm.
In case of an open fracture immediately apply a sterile dressing.
Loosen tight clothing, remove wrist-watches and rings.
Immobilize the broken arm with a sling formed of an open triangular bandage.
Support with a ‘broad-fold-bandage’ or a second open triangular bandage.
Treat for shock.
Emergency call.

For Broken Leg

Do not move the injured leg.
Loosen tight clothing, shoelaces, etc., but do not take the shoes off.
In case of an open fracture dressing.
Immobilize the limb by supporting it with suitable padding between the legs.
Treat for shock
Emergency call.

Attempt to place bizarrely displaced or twisted limbs into the approximately correct position by applying gentle fraction, in order to prevent painful muscle cramps and circulatory disturbances, but stop if you feel resistance. If the position of the affected limb cannot be changed without resistance, refrain from doing so!.

Joint Injuries

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Bones are connected by joints. These areas of the bones that form a joint are provided with a thick smooth cartilage layer. The joint capsule holds the joint together and is further reinforced by ligaments.

Sprain:
Sprain is a joint injury, in which the joint forming bones are displayed or twisted, momentary but almost immediately return to their nearly original position.

Symptoms and Signs

Pain, especially when the affected joint is moved
Swilling
Bluish discoloration, often caused by a haematom

Danger
The joint capsule can lacerate, but the ligaments can, likewise, be overstretched or torn.

First Aid
Consult a doctor in case of:

Extensive haematoma
Suspicion of internal injuries

If the doctor does not diagnose any severe damage:

Elevate and immobilize the affected limb.
Apply cold compresses.

Dislocation:

Dislocation is joint injury, in which the joint forming bones are forced apart by violence, i.e. the ball is from or pushed from the socket and remains in an abnormal position.

Symptoms and Signs

Pain
Inability to move
Abnormal position

Danger

Overstretching and tearing of the socket and the ligaments. Unlike manipulation can cause additional injuries (joint fracture).

First Aid

Do not move.
Do not attempt to relocate.
Carefully immobilize the limb in the position as found.
Emergency call.

Contusions

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Contusions are caused by blunt violence: blows, punches, fails, crushing, trapping. The extent of the damage depends on the kind of tissue affected bruises of soft parts are usually harmless, but there may also be severe tissue damage. Contusions of organs however can be dangerous, when the impact of the force is transmitted to internal organs.

Symptoms and Signs

Swelling
Bluish purplish discoloration (hematoma)
Pain

Danger

Bleeding and injuries of internal organs; severe contusions cause loss of blood into the tissue.

Fist Aid

Consult a doctor in case of:
Extensive hematomas
Suspicion of internal injuries,

If the doctor does not diagnose any severe damage:

Immobilize and raise the injured part.
Apply cold compresses.

Hypothermia

2008-11-03T22:12:00.001-08:00

Hypothermia is a condition by which the body temperature drops below 36^oC because of exposure to cold, moisture and wind.

In hypothermia the blood supply to the outer body layers (body shell) deteriorates because of the effect of cold, and circulation is maintained only in the inner part of the body (body core). This condition is called centralization. It is a protective reaction of the body to prevent the blood and thus the body core from cooling down too quickly. Apart from general hypothermia local damage tissue can occur too.

Symptom and Sign

The casualty initially feels:

· Intense pain, then gets increasingly

· Apathetic

· Tired

· Feel fine, and

· Falls asleep

· Pulse slow down and breathing slackens.

Danger

Unconsciousness, respiratory and circulatory failure owing to the drop in body core temperature below 30^oC.

Fist Aid

· Wake the casualty and keep him awake

· Keep him reclining and do not let him move or walk around

· Wrap the casualty in a blanket or warm clothes.

· Check breathing and circulation regularly, and if breathing stop, artificial respiration, and if circulation stop, chest compression (but only 40 compressions a minute).

If transport to hospital is impossible for the time being (mountain):

· Seek shelter, i.e. take the casualty to a sheltered place or a warm room (mountain hut)

· Remove cold, wet clothing and wrap the casualty in warm blankets.

· Do not massage or rub the casualty with a towel, if feasible.

· Dress frostbite with a sterile dressing.

· Give hot drinks, but do not administer alcohol.

Frostbite

2008-10-29T02:50:00.001-07:00

Frostbite is local issue damage as a consequence of impaired blood flow caused by exposure to cold, moisture, and wind.

Frostbite can occur already at temperature of +6^oC and below with high humidity, and/or frost. The cold brakes blood supply to the affected tissue. Highly at risk are those parts of the body with little protection by muscles and tissue (toes, fingers, cheeks, nose, and ears), and parts of the body is tight clothing (e.g. shoes, boots).

Symptom and signs

The assessment of the Frostbite is extremely difficult and only possible after several days. If in doubt always suspect frostbite.

Superficial frostbite (frost nip):

- initially numbness and pallor

- later prickling pain and blue red discoloration

Deep frostbite:

- blister formation and white to grey-blue mottled discoloration of the skin

- impaired motility of the affected part

- lack of feeling (when touched)

- intense pain

Danger!

Necroses of the tissue result in permanent damage of the affected parts.

First Aid

- Loosen tight clothing

- Place a sterile dressing over the affected part.

- Give the casualty hot, sugared drinks, but no alcohol

- Warm the casualty with additional clothing or blankets

- Take the casualty to a doctor or hospital

Attempt to normalize blood flow through the frozen part by giving hot drinks and by warming up the rest of the body. The affected part must not be warmed up directly or rubbed with snow or massaged with a terry towel.

HSE Safety Policy

2008-10-20T19:55:00.001-07:00

Responsibilities: Supervisor:

All supervisors are familiar with policies and rules and provide for the health and safety of those supervised. They are in a key position in the organizational structure to carry out the department's safety and to prevent injuries to their employees.
Ensure that required safety equipment, devices and personal equipment and apparel are provided and maintained, and are properly used by individuals working in their operations.
Provide employees and students with instruction and assistance in the proper operation of equipment or materials involved in any operation which may be potentially hazardous. Provide for health and safety training.
Take prompt corrective action when unsafe conditions, practices or equipment are reported or observed. Encourage reporting of concerns.
Promptly conduct a thorough investigation in all work-related injuries, illnesses and accidents, submit appropriate recommendations on all accident reports, including the Employer's Reports of Occupation accident reports as appropriate, have been implemented.
Coordinate or conduct inspections to maintain safe and healthful conditions, and address any deficiencies that are identified.

Responsibilities: Employee

Comply with applicable environmental health and safety policies, standards, rules, regulations and procedures. These include safety-related signs, related signs, posters, warnings and written/oral directions when performing tasks.
Do not perform any function or operation which is considered hazardous, or is known to be hazardous without proper instructions and authorities known to be hazardous without proper instructions and authorization.
Only use equipment and materials approved or provided by the supervisor or instructor and for which instruction has been provided by this or other experience.
Become thoroughly knowledgeable about potential hazards associated with the work area; knowing where information on these hazards is maintained and how to use this information when needed.
Wear or use prescribed protective equipment. Report all unsafe conditions, practices, or equipment to the supervisor, instructor or safety officer whenever deficiencies are observed.
Inform the supervisor or instructor immediately of all work-related injuries or accidents and obtain prompt medical attention when necessary.
Provide information necessary for the supervisor or safety officer to adequately and thoroughly complete the Employer's Report of Occupational Injury and Illness and any other associated accident/illness reports.

First Aid of Burns

2008-10-16T21:28:00.000-07:00

When clothes are on fire, extinguish the flames at once:
– Prohibit the person from rushing about with burning clothes
– Make him/her roll on the ground
– Smother the flames by wrapping clothes, blankets or garments around him/her
– Pour water over the casualty/immerse in water
If use a fire extinguisher does not direct it to the casualty’s face and keep a certain distance.
Some types of fire extinguishers must not be used on persons. Therefore pay attention to the instructions on the fire-extinguisher available.
Remove the clothing carefully, do not tear off clothes sticking to the skin.
Apply cold water
Hold the burnt part immediately under cold, clean running water (10 to 15 minutes) to combat shock and to reduce heat and pain, until the pain subsides.
Extensive burns have to be treated with cold water within the first 30 minutes while circulation is still intact, as later the danger of shock increases.
Cover the burn injuries with sterile material, such as burn dressing (packs), burn bandages, and metalized dressings, if nothing else available clean bed sheets.
Further shock treatment (on first aid help)
Third degree burns require medical treatment, second-degree burns only when the blistering is larger than the casualty’s palm (approx. 1%).
Emergency call.
In case of severe burns call the ambulance immediately, because proper shock treatment and swift, gentle transport to hospital may be life-saving.

Prevention of fires and burns
Fire is caused only when there is:
- Contact between a combustible substance with a source of ignition
- Sufficient oxygen is present

In order to prevent fires, keep inflammable substances at cool, dry, and well ventilated places and keep sources of ignition (i.g. also direct sunlight) away, as even slight inattentiveness can have serious consequences. As a further measure to prevent fires in the home only use fabrics which do not burn easily.

Burns

2008-10-12T20:21:00.001-07:00

Burns and scalds are caused by contact with hot objects, naked flames, heat radiation, hot vapors and liquids, and by contact with electric current. Burns cause deep tissue damage on varying degrees.

The severity of the damage depends on the extent of the area affected (percent of the body surface, the palm presents 1%), the depth (degree of burn), the age (risk of shock in children 5 percent and more, in adults 10 percent and more), the state of health, the presence of any additional injuries, and in general also on type, length and the location of the contact with heat, and temperature involved.

Symptoms and Signs

The degree of the burn can never be assessed at first sight, as symptom develop only gradually. Burns are classified as follows:

First degree: reddening, swelling, pain

Second degree: Blister formation

Superficial burns: intense pain
Deep burns: little pain, only sensation of tenseness

Third degree:

Eschar formation
Charring

Danger

Three possible complications threaten the casualty’s life:

Shock: Circulation failure within a few hours.

In extensive burns blood plasma escapes from the blood stream into the tissue. The loss of plasma leads (like severe blood loss to shock, enhanced by the pain from the burn.

Clinical Features: The severity of the burn does not only depend on the extent of tissue damage. The consequences of shock from the burn injuries and the overall constitutional upset caused by the burn are far more dangerous. Kidney and lung function might be impaired or fail altogether.

Infection: Germ invasion of the burnt area results in life-threatening infection and delays healing, and might even cause a tetanus infection.

Chemical Burns

2008-10-06T23:02:00.001-07:00

Chemical burns are tissue destructions caused by acids or alkalis. The degree of damage depends on the concentration of the burning substance, the quantity and the period of exposure. There is a number of substances and liquids that can cause both poisonings and chemical burns.

Chemical burns of the skin

Symptoms and signs

Increasing pain, as long as the skin is in contact with chemicals
Slough formation (acids), glassy bloating (alkalis)

Danger

Serious, deep wounds with a high risk of infection, risk of shock, if large portions of the skin have been affected.

First Aid

Immediately remove contaminated clothing.
Flood the affected area with clean running water, make sure that the contaminated water drains away freely and safely to avoid contact with unaffected parts of the body.
Apply a sterile dressing.
Treat shock if necessary.
Emergency call.

Chemical burns of the eye:

Symptoms and signs

Extreme squiring of the eyelids because of severe pain in the injured eye.
Reddening

Danger

Damage to the cornea (even blinding)

First Aid

Wash the eye intensively with clean water for 10 to 15 minutes. If the casualty himself is unable to wash his eye (e.g. hold head under the trap, the shower, etc.), proceed as follows:

Lay the casualty down

Turn his head to the affected side

First remove visible particles (lime crumbs) with a handkerchief;

Separate the eyelids with two fingers of one hand and pour water from a height of approx. 10 cm into the inner corner of the eye, so that it can drain off over the eyeball and the outer corner of the eye (in case of severe cramping of the lid you need a helper).

Ask the casualty to move his eye in all directions while it is being washed;

Protect the unaffected eye.

Cover the eye with a sterile dressing; if damage is severe cover both eyes to prevent eye-injuries.
Shock treatment if necessary.
Emergency call.

Chemical burns to the digestive tract:

Symptom and sign:

Intense pain
Increase flow of saliva because of swallowing difficulties
Micros membranes changes by coatings (often whitish swellings) or by bleeding

Danger

Chemical burns of the digestive tract are particularly dangerous, as ruptures can occur resulting in heavy, scarred constrictions, which obstruct the passage of flood through the oesophagus.

First Aid:

Wash out the mouth, then
If substance known, call the Poison Information Center, and follow their instructions.
Threat for shock.
Emergency call. Make sure that chemicals found at the scene of the incident, if possible in the original wrapping or container, are also taken to the hospital for identification; do not endanger your self.

Prevention

Household Chemicals:

Use poisonous, caustic, highly inflammable chemicals as little as possible.
Always keep chemicals in the original container, do not fill them into in beverage bottles.
Do not damage or remove labels and inscriptions.
Never store chemicals together with foodstuffs.
Read the instructions carefully before use and follow them! Use any recommended protective equipment and take the required precautionary measures

Do not use undiluted concentrates (e.g. vinegar essence)

Never smell, taste, or drink from vessels with unknown contents.
Keep chemicals out of the reach of children or lock them away.
Detergents and cleaning agents can be poisonous or caustic.
Dispose of chemical substances correctly. Do not flush down the toilet or put into household refuse.
Treat medical drugs the same way.

Competitiveness and Safety

2008-09-24T00:58:00.001-07:00

Industrial Relation
Knowledge, Skill & Attitude
Human Development Index
Health Act and Safety

Human Development Index: 2001

Rank	Country	Rank	ASEAN
1	Norway	25	Singapore
2	Sweden	32	Brunei
3	Canada	59	Malaysia
4	Belgium	70	Thailand
5	Australia	77	Philippines
6	USA	109	Vietnam
7	Iceland	110	Indonesia
8	Netherlands	127	Myanmar
9	Japan	130	Cambodia
10	Finland	143	Laos

The Role of Health and Safety In the Company

LOSS CONTROL
COMPLIANCE AGENT
ADVISORY BODY
MANAGEMENT TOOLS

SAFETY

Visible Management Commitment
Good Safety = Good Business
Safety is Part of Operating Discipline
Involve Everyone
Sharing Safety Knowledge to Others

Potential Business Impacts

Loss of Material
Interruption of Processes-Lost of Productivity
Loss of corporate image/credibility
Loss of revenue/profitability
Loss of experienced employees

Help from Animal Bites

2008-09-09T21:29:00.000-07:00

The consequences of external injuries, inflicted upon human by animals, vary to a great extent, depending on the circumstances. In general it can be said that animal bites quite often tend to heal poorly. They carry an acute risk of infection, unless treated swiftly and expertly.

The most frequent bites are dog-bites, but also other pets might bite. Normally, non-domesticated animals rarely bite, the exception is stray dogs. Careless behavior in zoos can also result in unpleasant contact with animals. Because of the ever-increasing spread of rabies bite wound are of great significance.

Danger!

Apart from a high risk of infection

- by pyococci

- by tetanus viruses

- of contracting rabies

Rabies is very often fatal for humans. The disease is transmitting through the saliva of infected animals.

First Aid

- Cleanse the wound immediately with hot soapy water (rabies viruses are sensitive to heat and soap).

- Disinfect the wound with a disinfectant

- Apply a sterile dressing

- Take the casualty immediately to a doctor or to hospital to establish whether or not the casualty needs an anti rabies vaccine.

- The animal that inflicted the bite, should, if possible, also be examined for rabies. If bitten by a pet, identify the owner (injury report).

Prevention:

Rabid animals, as a rule, display unusual behavior; they roam about, may be abnormally trustful, suddenly become vicious and bite unexpectedly. The saliva of infected animals is already contagious some days before they display strange behavior. Visibly diseased animals usually die within one week. Their cadavers remain contagious.

Do not touch an animal suspected to have rabies or any unfamiliar animal (nor any animal cadaver) or allow such an animal to lick you in a region known for the prevalence of rabies.

Particular caution is to be exercised with non-domesticated animals, who approach humans with unnatural friendliness. An attacking animal must be warded off with all means. Avoid any bodily contact. Quite often it helps to bait the infected animal with a stick in which it can sink its teeth into. Any living, dying or dead animal suspected of having rabies should be reported to the nearest police station or veterinarian indicating the exact location where it was sighted.

Bandage of Wound Dressing

2008-08-30T07:49:00.001-07:00

Gauze Bandages

A gauze bandage does not consist of sterilized dressing material and must not be placed onto the wound. It is only used to secure the sterile dressing.

Dressing Packs

The dressing packs is ideal dressing materials to cover wounds. The pad is attached to a gauze roller bandage. It is sealed in a sterilized wrapping.

How to apply it:

Flip off the outer paper wrapping.
Pull apart with both hands and take care that it remains sterile.
Hold the sort end (tail) of the bandage down and place the padding over the wound.
Wind the rolled part (head) of the bandage two or three times around the dressing, reverse the short end of the bandage and include it in the bandage turns.
Cover the padding entirely with the long end of the roller bandage.
Fasten the bandage by tucking in the other end underneath the bandage or use adhesive tape, or tie the end of the bandage down with a knot to the previously formed dangling loop.

Dressing of wounds with embedded or slightly protruding foreign objects:

Place the sterile dressing over the wound.
Place a ring padding around the object and secure it with a gauze bandage.

Foreign Object protruding substantially from the wound:

Cover the object and the surrounding area with sterile dressing or place them around the object.
Place a ring padding on top of the sterile dressing.
Fasten the sterile dressings and the ring padding with gauze bandage and carefully include the foreign object.

Wound Dressing

2008-08-26T01:30:00.000-07:00

Wound dressing consist of 3 layers:

The sterile dressing serves to stop bleeding and protects from further contamination. The dressing to be kept in a sterile wrapping, which must be undamaged. Open the wrapping and carefully handle the dressing at the edges or corners only. A sterile dressing that has fallen to the ground, must no longer be used.

Sterile dressing are:
Absorbent gauze, metallized dressing, sterilized cloths (burnt dressings), in an emergency a clean (newly washed and ironed) handkerchief.

Pad layer:
The pad serves to adsorb blood and secretions from the wound and should consist of a thick layer of absorbent material, e.g. cellulose, further layer of absorbent gauze, etc.

Bandage:
The bandage serve to secure the pad and the dressing and is clean, but not sterilized. There fore do not place the bandage or triangular bandage directly on the wound. To secure dressing use adhesive plaster, gauze bandages, triangular bandages, tubular bandages, etc.

Adhesive dressings
An adhesive dressing is used to cover small, non-bleeding wounds. An adhesive dressing consist of a small pad attached to an adhesive backing. It is protected by two overlapping plastic strips.

How to use adhesive dressings:
Peel off the protective strips from the dressing without touching the pad. Place the pad over the wound and attach the adhesive edges to the surrounding uninjured skin only. Adhesive dressing will only stick to dry skin.

Keep the material dry and cool. Old adhesive dressing do not stick properly, therefore have them replaced from time to time. Continue to Wound Dressing Type.

Help for Shock

2008-08-19T02:42:00.000-07:00

The purpose of blood circulation is to provide the whole body, especially all vital organs, with blood and thus with oxygen. In circulatory malfunctions, caused, for instance, by blood loss, by serious injuries, extensive burns, poisonings, severe allergies and hearth rhythm disorders, the vital organs receive less blood which results in insufficient oxygen supply. Initially this lead to functional disorders, subsequently to permanent organ damage, resulting in organ failure, and eventually to death. Paint might enhance this circulatory disorder = shock. Shock is not an immediate reaction, but develops gradually and may rapidly become life-threatening. The earlier shock is treated, the better.

Consequently shock treatment should be performed as a preventive measure before the shock actually occurs.

Therefore it is necessary to treat every emergency patient for shock until the ambulance arrives.

Symptoms and Signs:
The following symptoms do not all appear and not at the same time, because shock develops gradually:

Apathy or, on the contrary, conspicuous restlessness.
Pulse is rapid and shallow
Pallor and moist, clammy skin
Muscle tremor

Danger!
When the shock becomes life-threatening, the casualty turns ashen and becomes increasingly listless. He is only semi-conscious, no pulse is left at his wrist, unconsciousness, impaired breathing (gasping) sets in, and eventually death may occur due to circulatory failure.

First Aid
Shock treatment aims at supporting and maintaining the vital functions (breathing and circulation) by:

swift, exact control of bleeding
treatment of wounds (e.g. application of cold water on burns or chemical burns)
Placing the casualty of patient in a position causing as little pain as possible, depending on his condition (e.g. flat on his back, legs raised, half-sitting, etc.)
loosening tight clothing
keeping the casualty warm
providing fresh air, if indoors
making the casualty breathe slowly and deeply
shielding the casualty from excitement
reassuring and comforting the casualty
emergency call

Severe Bleeding

2008-08-07T02:41:00.000-07:00

Bleeding means that blood is escaping from blood vessels. We distinguish between visible external bleeding (from wound), only this type of bleeding can be controlled, and internal bleeding. When invisible bleeding can be caused by violence or by certain diseases. Blood loss may cause circularly disturbance.

Symptoms and signs:

Severe bleeding: blood spurts from a wound or escapes in gushes and a considerable quantity of blood is lost within a very short period of time.
A pool of blood (on an impermeable surface) could be evidence for considerable blood loss.
Blood soaked clothing.

Danger:

Severe bleeding, if not stopped or controlled in time, likewise coupled with symptoms of severe shock (= circulation failure) can be fatal.

First Aid:

Controlling bleeding is an essential life-saving measure. All other measures of first aid are pointless, if circulation fails due to uncontrolled blood loss.

The method of controlling bleeding depends on the severity or the bleeding and thus the blood loss, not on the type of bleeding. Almost every visible strong bleeding can be stopped by sufficiently strong external pressure on the source of the bleeding. Avoid direct contact with the blood (use disposable gloves).

Stop the bleeding by finger pressure:

Sit or lay the casualty down.
Press a sterile dressing onto the severity bleeding wound.
Maintain pressure until the ambulance arrives.

Stop the bleeding with a pressure bandage:

Only where the shape of the body permits it, it suitable dressing and bandaging material is available and the first aider has learn and practical how to apply a pressure bandage, finger pressure can be replaced by a pressure bandage.

Raising or elevation of the attached limb will increase the effect of the pressure bandage.
If severe bleeding continuous, place a second dressing and bandage on top of the first and/or exert finger pressure.
Keep a constant check on the effect of the pressure bandage.

Next to Stop Bleeding by means of tourniquet

Circulatory Standstill

2008-07-30T22:23:00.000-07:00

Circulation has stopped when the person does not respond to external stimuli and when neither breathing nor circulation can be detected.

When circulation fails the heart is no longer capable of supplying the vital organs with blood (oxygen).

Causes
Conditions that cause unconsciousness and respiratory failure may also lead to circulatory arrest.

Further causes are:

Electrical accident
Cardiac rhythm disturbances
Severe blood loss
Hypothermia
Allergic shock

Assessment

Check Consciousness

Look to Respiratory Standstill

Check Breathing

Look to Unconsciousness

Check Circulation

Look to Crash Helmet

Danger!

Circulatory arrest will be fatal, unless artificial respiration and external chest compression is applied within a few minutes.

First Aid

If the casualty is not breathing begin artificial respiration.
In case of circulatory standstill start external chest compression!

What to do:

Place the emergency patient on a hard, unyielding surface.
Kneel beside the emergency patient and place the heel of one hand on the lower half of his breastbone (pressure point), keeping your fingers off the rib cage. Cover your hand with the heel of the other hand.
Keep your arms straight while you exert vertical pressure on the beast bone. Press down 3 to 4 cm. Perform the compressions rhythmically, not jerkily, i.e. press and release the chest evenly.
Do not lift your hands off the chest while you are messaging.
Perform heat massage in an even rhythm at a rate of 80 to 100 compressions a minute.

When applying the one-helper method give 2 breaths of mouth to mouth followed by 15 compressions, continue with 2 breath, 15 compressions.

Check circulation every minute.

Emergency call.

If there is no carotid pulse, continue respiration and external chest compression until the ambulance arrives.
When you feel the carotid pulse, stop compressing but continue mouth-to-mouth (no more compressions) and check circulation in regular intervals.

Respiratory Standstill

2008-07-28T02:56:00.000-07:00

Respiratory standstill means that a person has stopped breathing. He does not respond to external stimuli and does not breathe despite a clear airway and intact circulation. When breathing has stopped the respiratory center is unable to from the impulses required to maintain breathing, or the impulses cannot reach the respiratory muscles.

Causes
Conditions that lead to unconsciousness may also lead to respiratory failure.

Other Causes:
Obstruction of the airway of an unconscious person (foreign matter; vomit, tongue)
Obstruction of the airway due to swelling (insect sting, allergy, etc.).

The casualty is trapped or buried: drowning.

Assessment:
Check consciousness

Talk to the motionless casualty/emergency patient
Rouse him by tapping
Apply gentle pain stimuli

If he/she does not respond adequately, he/she is without consciousness.
Call for help (Help! Can somebody help me?)

*Check Breathing
Clear the airway (upper respiratory tract):

Loosen tight clothing and remove strangling objects.
Inspect the oral cavity; if vomit, blood, mucus, broken or dislocated dentures are to be removed from the oral cavity, turn the casualty’s or emergency patient’s head to the side (use disposable gloves or a fabric handkerchief).
Tilt the casualty’s or emergency patient’s head backward keeping his neck arched and lift his tongue if it has fallen back, thus enabling unobstructed breathing.

How to check breathing: Click Here Check Breathing

* Check Circulation
How to check circulation: Click here Check Circulation.

Danger Condition
Since the brain can survive without oxygen for only a short time, lack of oxygen would within a few minutes cause circulatory standstill and shortly lead to a person’s death. Therefore oxygen must be supplied immediately through artificial respiration.

First Aid This Condition